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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． division of pragmatic labor

【答案】 Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide and suggests the resolution comes from a division of pragmatic labor，which reads “The use of a marked （relatively complex and/or prolix） expression when a corresponding unmarked （simpler ，less “effortful”）alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message （one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed） .

2． Bound morpheme

【答案】 Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example , in the word “careless”，“-less” is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.

3． Language acquisition

【答案】 It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.

4． functional morpheme

【答案】 This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about when on , near, the” an so on.

5． Denotation

【答案】 The core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． An_____is pronounced letter by letter, while an_____is pronounced as a word.

【答案】initialism ; acronym

【解析】首字母缩写和缩略词的区别在于，前者是一个一个字母读，后者是按单词读。

7． Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present （in time andspace） at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as_____.

【答案】Displacement

【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

8． When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is_____ function.

【答案】phatic

【解析】寒暄功能是指那些有助于确立和维持人际关系的表达，例如俚语、玩笑、行话、礼节性的问候、社 会方言或地域方言的转用等。

9． Antonyms like “husband ” v. “wife ” are_____ antonyms.

【答案】converse

【解析】反向反义关系是反义关系的一种特殊类型，典型地表现在两两相对的社会角色、亲属关系、时间和空 间等方面；丈夫与妻子的关系属于此种反义关系。

10．Take is the_____of taking, taken and took.

【答案】lexeme

【解析】词位是语言词汇的基本单位，taking , taken和took 都是take 这个词位的词位变体。

11．The description of a language as it changes through time is a_____ study.

【答案】Diachronic linguistic

【解析】历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。

三、True-or-false

12．All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】一种语言中的所有词都有涵义但并不是每个词都有指称。

13．If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.

【答案】F

【解析】概念功能和人际功能完全相同的两个句子可以有不同的语篇功能。

14．In the Classical theory, Chomsky＇s aim is to make linguistics a science. This theory is characterized by three features（:1） emphasis on prescription of language; （2） introduction of transformational rules ; and （3） grammatical description regardless of language formation.

【答案】F

【解析】乔姆斯基的古典理论有三个特点：（1）重视语言的生成能力，而非规定性；（2）转换

规则的介绍；（3） 语法描述，不研宄意义，而非不研宄语言形式。

15．[p] is voiced bilabial stop.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】[p]是双唇爆破音，没有摩擦。

四、Short-answer-questions

16．What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?

【答案】 As the vowels can not be described in the same way as the consonants , a system of cardinal vowels has been suggested to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined , fixed and unchanging , intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concept. The cardinal vowel diagram is a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.

The description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements : （1） the height of tongue raising ; the position of the highest part of the tongue （high , middle or low）（2）（front , central, back ） ; the length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short） ; （4） lip-rounding （3）

（rounded vs. unrounded） . For example, [i:]: high, front, tense, unrounded vowel.

[u]: high, back, lax, rounded vowel.

17．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?

【答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form （signifier ） and an idea （signified ） , and it is the central fact of language.

By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

18．Why is back-formation a productive way of forming verbs?

【答案】 Backformation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is derived by the deletion of an imagined affix of a longer form already present in the language. It is a special kind of metanalysis , combined with analogical creation, e.g. the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the imagined derivational suffix -or.

The majority of backformed words are verbs，for verbs have a peculiar property to develop around