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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Paradigmatic relations

【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent.

2． subordination

【答案】 Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. In the phrase swimming in the lake , swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head.

3． Hyponymy

Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】

a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.

4． Subordinate construction

【答案】 Subordinate constructions are one of the two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head , with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent , are subordinate constructions.

5． constituent

【答案】 Constituent is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit, which is a part of a larger linguistic unit. Several constituents together form a construction: for example, in the sentence The boy ate the apple, S , the boy , ate the apple , each part is a constituent. （A ）（B ）（C ）

Constituents can be joined together with other constituents to form larger units. If two constituents, in the case of the example above , B （the boy ） and C （ ate the apple ） , are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A （“S”，here a sentence） , then B and C are said to be immediate constituents of A.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． _____is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.

【答案】Interlanguage

【解析】当学习者学习一种新语言时，就产生了中介语。中介语具有第一语言和第二语言的特征，但中介语是 一个动态的语言系统，我们不能把中介语看成是母语和二语的过渡阶段或者是二者的简单混合。

7． _____mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description , classification and transcription.

【答案】Phonetics

【解析】语音学研究语音，以及语音的描写和分类。

8． _____function is realized by mood and modality.

【答案】Interpersonal

【解析】人际功能通过语气情态实现。

9． A _____ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “ and”， “but ”， “ or” .

【答案】coordinate

【解析】并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如but , and, or 这些并列连词来连接的。

10．The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called_____ .

【答案】co-hyponyms

【解析】同类中的成员叫做同下义词。

11．______is an approach that stresses the relationships of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C J. Fillmore.

【答案】Case Grammar

【解析】格语法是美国语言学家菲尔墨在60代中期提出来的，它是着重探讨句法结构与语义之间关系的一种 语法理论和语义学理论。

三、True-or-false

12．The ability to learn a second language as an adult may vary considerably between individuals. （ ）

【答案】T

【解析】不同的个体有不同的学习环境，并且他们的学习能力也会受到学习动机和个人爱好的影

响。

13．American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.

【答案】F

【解析】美国结构主义是共时语言学的一个分支，独立地诞生于二十世纪初的美国. 它并不是历时

语言学的分支。

14．Speech act theory was proposed by G. Leech.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】言语行为理论是由奥斯丁提出的。

15．A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. （ ）

【答案】T

【解析】词干指能加屈折词缀的语素（组合，它相当于词根或词根加派生词缀。

四、Short-answer-questions

16．What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?

【答案】 As the vowels can not be described in the same way as the consonants , a system of cardinal vowels has been suggested to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined , fixed and unchanging , intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concept. The cardinal vowel diagram is a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.

The description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements : （1） the height of tongue raising ; the position of the highest part of the tongue （high , middle or low）（2）（front , central, back ） ; the length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short） ; （4） lip-rounding （3）

（rounded vs. unrounded） . For example, [i:]: high, front, tense, unrounded vowel.

[u]: high, back, lax, rounded vowel.

17．crushed 2. heaped 3. kicked 4. pitted

【答案】

18．thrived 10. breathed 11. turned 12. hissed

【答案】

19．Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice’s Cooperative Principle

A : Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?

B : I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No.9 is my favorite.