2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题
● 摘要
目录
2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（一） ... 2
2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（二） ... 6 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（三） . 11 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（四） . 16 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（五） . 21
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Surface structure
【答案】 It is a term used in generative grammar to refer to the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear. For instance, “John is easy to please.” and “John is eager to please.” are two sentences with the same surface structure.
2． Government
【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it.
3． Cognition
【答案】 Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states （such as beliefs, desires and intentions ） and can be understood as information processing , especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved , or processes such as involving knowledge , expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing , including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
4． Language Acquisition Device （LAD ）
【答案】 Language Acquisition Device: LAD refers to an innate faculty of language in general with which children are bom. It is posited by Chomsky , who argues that LAD probably consists of three elements : a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
5． Contextual meaning
【答案】 It is also called speaker‟s meaning, or utterance meaning, which is more closely related to the context. For example, when a person says “My bag is heavy”，what he actually means may be asking the hearer to help him carry the bag.
二、Fill-in-the-blanks
6． There are two fields of morphology: the study of_____and the study of_____.
【答案】inflectional ; derivational
【解析】在形态学中，有两大主要研究方面，一是词的屈折变化，一是词的派生。
7． _____is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.
【答案】Situational language teaching
【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。
8． A _____ sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as “ and”， “but ”， “ or” .
【答案】coordinate
【解析】并列从句是指一个句子由两个分句组成，这两个分句通常是由如but , and, or 这些并列连词来连接的。
9． In English there are a number of_____, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
【答案】Diphthongs
【解析】如果在发音时通过舌头的一次运动，由第一个单元音滑向第二个单元音，这样产生的音的组合就叫做双元音。
10．The features that define our human languages can be called_____ features.
【答案】Design
【解析】人类语言区别于其他动物交流系统的特点是语言的区别特征，是人类语言特有的特征。
11．_____is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology.
【答案】Morphophonology
【解析】形态音系学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究形态学与音系学的关系。
三、Short-answer-questions
12．What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?
【答案】 Meaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world. There are many types of meanings according to different approaches. Concept is the impression of objects in peopled mind ; connotation , meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes , is the implied meaning , similar to implication and implicature ; denotation , like sense , is not directly related to objects , but makes the abstract assumption of the real world. For example, the denotation of human is any person such as John and Mary, and its connotation is “biped‟‟ „„featherless‟‟ „„rational‟‟ etc.
13．A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?
（a ） The deceased‟s cremains were scattered over the hill.
（b ） He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers.
【答案】 The words “deceased” “upper” and “downer” have undergone a process of class shift. By shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. In the sentences above, “deceased”，“upper” and “downer” are originally adjectives, meaning “dead”，“higher” and “lower” respectively; in the sentences above, however, they mean “dead people”，“a drug used as a stimulant.” and “a depressant or sedative drug”，which are nouns.
14．What is concord, and what is government?
【答案】 Concord , also known as agreement, may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories. For example, in English, the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in this man , these men; a book, some books. And the form of a subject should agree with that of the verb in terms of number in the present tense as is shown by He speaks English，They speak English.
Government is another type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition, determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it.
15．What are the three kinds of antonyms?
【答案】 The three kinds of antonyms are gradable antonyms , complementary antonyms and converse antonyms. Gradable antonyms refer to antonyms that differ in terms of degree. For example, good and bad. Complementary antonyms are a pair of antonyms complementary to each other: not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other; the denial of one also means the assertion of the other, such as male and female. Converse antonyms do not constitute a positive-negative opposition; they only show the reversal of a relationship between two entities, such as husband and wife.
四、论述题
16．How does Halliday relate the functions performed by language to its structures?
【答案】 According to Halliday, structure is the outward form of the system, which lies behind the former. Structure , therefore , is less abstract , and closer to the “surface”. By studying the constituency structure of grammar , it is assumed that the semantic system above it could become plausible. In the constituency structure , elements are recognized with reference to their functions in relation to the whole. Therefore, in 4 This step is followed by labeling, which is to reveal the specific function of that element in relation to the whole. For example, by labeling “the huge tiger” a functional label: “Subject”，we get to know the