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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Allomorph

【答案】 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/.

2． Broad and narrow transcription

【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription: In broad transcription, one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.

3． Government

【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it.

4． subordination

【答案】 Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. In the phrase swimming in the lake , swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head.

5． Subordinate construction

【答案】 Subordinate constructions are one of the two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head , with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent , are subordinate constructions.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． Promising , undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the_____

【答案】commissives

【解析】承诺类指说话人使自己对某一未来的行为做出许诺。

7． In terms of the meaning expressed by words , they can be classified into_____words and_____words.

【答案】lexical ，grammatical

【解析】从词所表达的意义划分，词可分为词汇词和语法词。

8． A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a _____ clause.

【答案】finite

【解析】限定性从句通常有一个主语和一个限定性动词，且在结构上是独立的。

9． _____ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

【答案】Sense

【解析】涵义是指语言形式的内在意义。

10．Modem linguistic is_____ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

【答案】Descriptive

【解析】把语言说成描述性的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，并不是 强加给他们其他规则或正确的标准。

11．______is an approach that stresses the relationships of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C J. Fillmore.

【答案】Case Grammar

【解析】格语法是美国语言学家菲尔墨在60代中期提出来的，它是着重探讨句法结构与语义之间关系的一种 语法理论和语义学理论。

三、True-or-false

12．Blank verse consists of lines in iambic pentameters which do not rhyme.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】无韵诗是由不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗组成的。

13．MT may commit those errors that no human translators would commit, such as wrong pronouns , wrong prepositions, garbled syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead of singulars. （ ）

【答案】T

【解析】人们仍然能发现，有些错误是人工翻译不会出现的。例如，代词误用、介词误用、句法

混乱、措辞不 当、单数用成复数、时态错误等。

14．The last sound of''sif9 can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】这种情况下这两个音素就可被视为自由变体。

15．Nouns , verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】具有词汇意义指代物质、动作和性质的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。

四、Short-answer-questions

16．What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about: "'Well, to be quite honest, I do not think she is ill today.

【答案】 The four maxims of the co-operative principle are as follows:

Quantity. （1） Make your contribution as informative as is required （for the current purposes of the exchange）. （2） Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.

Quality. Try to make your contribution one that is true. （1） Do not say what you believe to be false. （2） Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

Relation. Be relevant.

Manner. Be perspicuous. （1） Avoid obscurity of expression. （2） Avoid ambiguity. （3） Be brief. （4） Be orderly.

In the utterance given , it is probable that the speaker is particularly careful about the maxim of Quality , which rules that do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

17．For the following words, state the conditions under which the different forms of the past tense appear. What determines

whether

or is used? What distinctive features define conditioning environment?

【答案】

18．What is your understanding of Systemic Functional Grammar?

【答案】 Systemic functional grammar , developed by M.A.K. Halliday , is a socially oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century. Systemic functional grammar is based on two facts:

Language users are actually making choices in a set of systems and trying to realize different semantic functions in social interaction.

Language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study. One point to notice is that it takes clause as the basic unit. It consist of two inseparable parts : systemic grammar and functional grammar.