2017年国防科学技术大学F0806英美文学及普通语言学之语言学教程复试实战预测五套卷
● 摘要
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1. Cross-cultural communication
【答案】 Cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , between persons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretation and misunderstanding can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown.
2. Diglossia
【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usually, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety , which is used in government , the media , education , and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc.
3. Predication analysis
【答案】 Predication analysis is an important step in the analysis of sentential meaning. The predication is the common category shared by propositions, questions, commands, etc. Such analysis is to break down the sentence into its smaller constituents: argument and predicate. The predicate is the major or pivotal element governing the argument. The argument is the logical participant.
4. division of pragmatic labor
【答案】 Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide and suggests the resolution comes from a division of pragmatic labor,which reads “The use of a marked (relatively complex and/or prolix) expression when a corresponding unmarked (simpler ,less “effortful”)alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message (one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed) .
5. Linguistic relativity
【答案】 This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative , the greater their structural differentiation is , the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors ; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.
6. Back-formation
【答案】 Back formation refers to an abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example , the
word “television” appeared before “televise”,and so does “editor” to “edit”.
7. Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】
can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.
8. Bound morpheme
【答案】 Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example , in the word “careless”,“-less” is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.
二、Essay-question
9. Categorize the following pairs: child-kid, alive-dead, big-small, husband-wife.
【答案】 Child-kid can be categorized under synonymy , alive-dead complementary antonymy , old-young gradable antonymy, and husband-wife converse antonymy.
Synonymy is the technical term for the sameness relation.
The members of a pair of complementary antonymy are complementary to each other. They divide up the whole of a semantic field completely, which means not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, and the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.
Pairs of words of gradable antonymy have three characteristics :(1) they are gradable —the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. As such, they can be modified by “very”. And they may have comparative and superlative degrees. (2) Antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms. The criterion varies with the object described.One member of a pair, usually the term for the (3)
higher degree, serves as the cover term.
Converse antonymy shows the reversal of a relationship between two entities. It is the same relationship seen from two different angles, and there is always two entities involved, which makes the major difference between this type and the above two types of antonymy.
10.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.
【答案】 From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis, language use in terms of perception, comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.
When we speak , words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area , which determines the details of their forms and pronunciation. The appropriate instructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.
When we hear something and try to comprehend it , the stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area, where it is then interpreted.
When we perceive a visual image, a message is sent to the angular gyrus, where it is converted into a visual pattern.
11.Explain speech act theory and list the different kinds of speech acts with examples for each.
【答案】 The speech act theory was proposed by John Austin. According to this theory, we are performing various kinds of acts when we are speaking. Actions performed through utterances are
generally called speech acts. An utterance can perform different speech acts depending on the context and that one speech act can be performed by more than one utterances.
According to Searle, speech acts all into five general categories. Specific acts that fall into each type share the same illocutionary point, but differ in their strength.
1)Representatives : the acts of saying what the speaker believes to be true; they include stating, describing , asserting, and so on; such as “It‟s raining”,“They won the game”.
2)Directives : acts of trying to get the hearer to do something. Commands , orders , requests , warnings , suggestions, and on so are of this type, as illustrated in “Be quiet!”,“Don‟t touch that!”
3)Commissives : acts of committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. They include promising,vowing , offering,threatening , and so on. Examples are “I‟ll take her to the vet.” and “We won‟t do that.”
4)Expressives : acts of expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state. They can be statements of pleasure,pain ,likes ,sorrow , and so on. For example,“I‟m sorry to hear that”.
5)Declarations : acts of bringing about immediate changes by saying something. They include resigning , dismissing , naming, appointing, and so on. For example, the priest may say in a wedding “I now pronounce you husband and wife”.
12.Explain one of the teaching approaches that you’re familiar with and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
【答案】 The functional language teaching, which emerged during the 70s, is a reaction against both the structurally and situationally based approaches to language teaching. Its main feature is that we should teach people what functions the various linguistic forms fulfill. We should teach people not only what the language is but what the language does. Linguistic forms should not be presented as abstract structures but should always be presented as fulfilling a particular language function. For example, if the simple present tense is to be taught, it should not just be a matter of learning to accurately repeat the structure , but also a matter of knowing what the structure is actually used for.
Organizing language teaching functionally emphasizes what we can do with language. The basic units of language are seen as short exchanges. Linguistic forms are presented and learned in close relation to their function. Such teaching encourages appropriateness of language in terms of the respective roles of speaker and hearer and also in terms of the topic of conversation. Fluency is stressed and developed.
The teaching of language functions also presents problems. For example , what is exactly a language function? How many functions are there? In what order should they be taught?
While functions are a very significant aspect of language use, too great an emphasis on them may ignore other aspects of language, not least its structure. There is also no rigid correspondence between function and form, so some people object that we lose too much control over grammatical complexity if the syllabus is entirely organized on the basis of functions. What?s more, some argue that fluency and appropriate use of language may be encouraged but this should not be achieved at the cost of formal accuracy.
13.A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin’s Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory.
Customer : Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.
Waiter : Don‟s worry, there's no extra charge.
【答案】 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin‟s Speech Act theory, namely , locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. The locutionary act is the ordinary act
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