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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Idiolect

【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect”

2． Design features

【答案】 Design features : It refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.

3． 1-narrator

【答案】 The person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this ease the critics call the narrator a FIRST-PERSON NARRATOR or I- NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first person pronoun I is used. First-person narrators are often said to be “limited” because they don‟t know all the faces or “unreliable” because they trick the reader by withholding information or telling untruths. This often happens in murder and mystery stories.

4． Audiolingual method

【答案】 Audiolingual method refers to the teaching of a second language through imitation , repetition , and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.

5． Diglossia

【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usually, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety , which is used in government , the media , education , and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． _____refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.

【答案】Cohesion

【解析】衔接不是一个句法概念，它指文本中存在的一种意义上的联系或关系，也包括句子

或分句之间存在的 一种形式上的联系。

7． Taboo and_____are two faces of the same communication coin.

【答案】euphemism

【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。委

婉语是用一词代替 比较唐突的令人不快的另一词的表达方法。他们是同一交流过程的两个方面。

8． _____ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

【答案】Syntax

【解析】句法学是语言学的一个分支，它研宂词是如何被组合成句子的，以及支配句子构成的规则。

9． Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using_____in language study.

【答案】corpora

【解析】语料库语言学指论述语言研宄中使用语料的原理和实践。

10．Coordination and subordination belong to _____ construction.

【答案】endocentric

【解析】向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。从 结构上可以划分为两类：主从结构和并列结构。

11．_____is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.

【答案】Interlanguage

【解析】当学习者学习一种新语言时，就产生了中介语。中介语具有第一语言和第二语言的特征，但中介语是 一个动态的语言系统，我们不能把中介语看成是母语和二语的过渡阶段或者是二者的简单混合。

三、True-or-false

12．American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.

【答案】F

【解析】美国结构主义是共时语言学的一个分支，独立地诞生于二十世纪初的美国. 它并不是历时

语言学的分支。

13．After comparing “They stopped at the end of the corridor. ” with “At the end of the corridor , they stopped”，you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】搭配意义是通过词语的常用搭配而传达的意义。主位意义是通过顺序和重音这种信息的

方式所传达 的意义。显然这里用的是主位意义。

14．The co-operative principle was proposed by Grice.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】合作原则是由格莱斯提出的。

15．The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】语言最小的有意义的单位是语素不是语素变体。

四、Short-answer-questions

16．A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?

（a ） The deceased‟s cremains were scattered over the hill.

（b ） He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers.

【答案】 The words “deceased” “upper” and “downer” have undergone a process of class shift. By shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. In the sentences above, “deceased”，“upper” and “downer” are originally adjectives, meaning “dead”，“higher” and “lower” respectively; in the sentences above, however, they mean “dead people”，“a drug used as a stimulant.” and “a depressant or sedative drug”，which are nouns.

17．What is blending theory?

【答案】 Fauconnier & Turner proposes and discusses blending or integration theory, a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces” are integrated via projection into a new, blended space which contains its unique structure. They present examples of blending and analyze the blending process, provide taxonomy of blends, and argue for the ubiquity and importance of blending as a cognitive resource.

Blending operates on two input mental spaces to produce a third space , the blend. The blend inherits partial structure from the input spaces and has emergent structure of its own. There are some conditions needed when two input spaces one and two are blended: cross-space mapping, generic space, blend and emergent structure. The blending theory suggests a new way of thinking about what constitutes a novel inference. Because the mapping operation involves integrated frames rather than isolated predicates, the choice of one particular framing over another necessarily results in a different set of attendant inferences.