2018年杭州师范大学外国语学院815翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题
● 摘要
目录
2018年杭州师范大学外国语学院815翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（一） ... 2 2018年杭州师范大学外国语学院815翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（二） . 11 2018年杭州师范大学外国语学院815翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（三） . 20 2018年杭州师范大学外国语学院815翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（四） . 29 2018年杭州师范大学外国语学院815翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（五） . 38
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Lexical word
【答案】 Lexical word, lexical words are also called content words, referring to those which have lexical meanings, that is, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives , and adverbs.
2． Speech community
【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities.
3． Language Acquisition Device （LAD ）
【答案】 Language Acquisition Device: LAD refers to an innate faculty of language in general with which children are bom. It is posited by Chomsky , who argues that LAD probably consists of three elements : a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
4． bound root
Bound root refers to the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total 【答案】
loss of identity, and this base form could not occur alone, such as “-ceive” in “receive”.
5． Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act
【答案】 According to Austin , a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking.
A locutionary act is the uttering of words, phrases, and clauses, which conveys meaning by giving out meaningful sounds. Therefore, when somebody says „„Morning‟‟，we can ask a question like “What did he do?‟‟，and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”
An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker‟s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Therefore, for the same example，we can say “He meant it as a greeting”.
A perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance. Thus，by saying “Morning!” the speaker has made it clear that he wants to keep friendly relations with the hearer.
6． Corpus
【答案】 Corpus is a collection of linguistic data , either compiled as written texts or as a
transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about language~~for example , to determine how the application of a particular sound , word , or syntactic construction varies.
7． computational linguistics
【答案】 Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics , dealing with computer processing of human language, h includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and computer mediated communication.
8． Diglossia
【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usually, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety , which is used in government , the media , education , and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc.
9． Concord （or : Agreement）
【答案】 It may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category （or categories ） . For example, the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue: A: Who is that girl? B: Oh, she is my sister.
10．Contrastive analysis
【答案】 Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema?
【答案】 Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
Image schema exists at a level of abstraction, operates at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete image , and it can be subdivided into the following items : a center-periphery schema , a continent schema ，a cycle schema ，a force schema ，a link schema ，a part-whole schema，a path schema，a scale schema and a vertical schema.
12．How does modem language define “object ”？ Provide an example.
【答案】 In modem language, object is defined as such an item that it can become a subject in passive transformation. For example, in sentence tcThe lion chased the tourist,, ? “the tourisf” acts as the object. In the passive voiced sentence “The tourist was chased by the lion”，“the tourist” acts as the subject of the sentence.
13．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?
Motorist : My car needs new exhaust system.
Mechanic : Fll be busy with this other car all day.
【答案】 In the motorist‟s utterance ，there are two types of speech acts performed , namely representative and directive，and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirect speech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system , the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for him.
Similarly ，in the mechanic‟s utterance , there are two types of speech acts performed ; one is representative , the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through the performance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.
14．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?
【答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form （signifier ） and an idea （signified ） , and it is the central fact of language.
By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
15．In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?
【答案】（1） The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language in that it is not related to any particular group of
language users, but it is the variety which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.
（2）The standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language ; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation‟s political and commercial center. For example , standard English developed out of the English dialects used in and around London as they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. Gradually, the English used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the English used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well.
（3）The standard dialect is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. It is a superimposed variety; imposed from above the range of regional dialects.
（4）The standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purpose as government documents, education , news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.
16．What do you think of the cognitive approach to literature?
【答案】 The linguistic and cognitive approaches to literature are complementary. The cognitive