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一、Fill-in-the-blanks

1． Stress refers to the degree of_____ used in producing a syllable.

【答案】force

【解析】重音指在音节发音时所用的力度。

2． Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the _____ it is associated with.

【答案】Meaning

【解析】索绪尔认为符号的形式或声音与其意义之间没有逻辑联系，所以两者之间的关系是任意的。

3． Antonyms like “husband ” v. “wife ” are_____ antonyms.

【答案】converse

【解析】反向反义关系是反义关系的一种特殊类型，典型地表现在两两相对的社会角色、亲属关系、时间和空 间等方面；丈夫与妻子的关系属于此种反义关系。

4． The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called_____ .

【答案】co-hyponyms

【解析】同类中的成员叫做同下义词。

5． The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist______in the beginning of the twentieth century.

【答案】Saussure

【解析】对语言的结构性分析方法是在20世纪初，由瑞士语言学家索绪尔开启的，他被称为“现代语言学之 父”和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。

6． In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the_____principle proposed by J. Grice.

【答案】Cooperative

【解析】通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的 产生。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

7． Concordance

【答案】 The computer has the ability to search for a particular word , sequence of words , or perhaps even a part of speech in a text. The computer can also retrieve all examples of a particular word. It can also calculate the number of occurrences of a certain word so that information on the frequency of the word may be gathered. We may also be interested in sorting the data in some way—for example, alphabetically on words occurring in the immediate context of the word. This is usually referred to as concordance.

8． functional morpheme

【答案】 This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about when on , near, the” an so on.

9． Register

【答案】 It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people , usually sharing the same occupation （e.g. doctors, lawyers） or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions （e.g. legal language）.

10．CMC

【答案】 It is computer-mediated communication , distinguished by its focus on language and language use in computer networked environments, and by its use of methods of discourse analysis to address that focus.

11．MT

【答案】 It refers to machine translation, the use of machine （usually computers） to translate texts from one natural language to another

三、Short-answer-questions

12．Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationships between arbitrariness & onomatopoeic words and arbitrariness convention?

【答案】 Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Onomatopoeic words are the words that sound like the sounds they describe. Only when people know the meaning can they infer that the linguistic sign is appropriate for the exact sound. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation.

13．What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?

【答案】 When the vocal cords are spread apart , the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless, consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way; but when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them

apart as it passes through , creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.

14．How are the vowels described usually?

【答案】 Usually , the description of the vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements:

（1）The height of tongue raising （high , mid, low）;

（2）The position of the highest part of the tongue （front , central, back）;

（3）The length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short） , and

（4）lip-rounding （rounded vs. unrounded）.

15．What is blending theory?

【答案】 Fauconnier & Turner proposes and discusses blending or integration theory, a cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more “mental spaces” are integrated via projection into a new, blended space which contains its unique structure. They present examples of blending and analyze the blending process, provide taxonomy of blends, and argue for the ubiquity and importance of blending as a cognitive resource.

Blending operates on two input mental spaces to produce a third space , the blend. The blend inherits partial structure from the input spaces and has emergent structure of its own. There are some conditions needed when two input spaces one and two are blended: cross-space mapping, generic space, blend and emergent structure. The blending theory suggests a new way of thinking about what constitutes a novel inference. Because the mapping operation involves integrated frames rather than isolated predicates, the choice of one particular framing over another necessarily results in a different set of attendant inferences.