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一、Fill-in-the-blanks

1． In English, the two words cut and gut differ only in their initial sounds and the two sounds are two different and the two words are a_____pair.

【答案】phonemes ; minimal

【解析】/k/、/g/在cut 和gut 是两个不同的音位，这两个词，除了出现在同一位置上的一个音外，其余的音 都一样，因此这两个词就构成了一个最小的对立体。

2． ______，bom in 1928, is all American linguist , educator , and political activist. He is the founder of transformational-generative grammar, a system that revolutionized modem linguistics.

【答案】Norman Chomsky

【解析】乔姆斯基，生于1928年，是美国著名的语言学家，教育家。他是转换生成语法的创始人。

3． The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called_____. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.

【答案】Stylistics

【解析】文体学作为语言学的分支，主要研宄文学文体中语言的特征，并试图建立一些规则，以解释个体和社 团在语言使用过程中的特殊选择。

4． An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is_____.

【答案】Prescriptive

【解析】规定式的语言学目的在于为正确使用语言定下各种规则。

5． The syllable structure in Chinese is_____or_____or_____.

【答案】CVC ，CV ，V

【解析】普通话的音节中节首位置最多有一个辅音，结尾只能是鼻音

以写为（C ）V （C ）.

所以汉语的音节可

6． Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics （utterances ） as_____ and_____. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community , and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.

【答案】langue ; parole

【解析】语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

7． Broad and narrow transcription

【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription: In broad transcription, one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.

8． Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】

can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.

9． Concatenation

【答案】 What makes a word separate from other words is that all the letters are lined up together with no intervening spaces. That is, in a word, all letters are concatenated. Sometimes new words can be made by concatenating two existing words—for example, “airline” is a concatenation of the words “air” and “line” into a new word.

10．Compound

【答案】 Compound refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as the compound words “blackboard” and “well-known”.

11．Semantic field

【答案】 It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic field whose relevant features include generation , sex , membership of the father's or mother's side of the family.

三、Short-answer-questions

12．What is free variation?

【答案】 Free variation is a linguistic term used both in phonology and sociolinguistics. In phonology , if two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast. For example ，the substitution of one for the other does not generate a new word but merely a different pronunciation of the

same word, the two sounds are said to be in “free variation”.

For instance，both either and direction are pronounced differently in British English and American English without changing their meaning, which are often caused by the regional differences.

13．What is your understanding of Systemic Functional Grammar?

【答案】 Systemic functional grammar , developed by M.A.K. Halliday , is a socially oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century. Systemic functional grammar is based on two facts:

Language users are actually making choices in a set of systems and trying to realize different semantic functions in social interaction.

Language is inseparable from social activities of man. Thus, it takes actual uses of language as the object of study. One point to notice is that it takes clause as the basic unit. It consist of two inseparable parts : systemic grammar and functional grammar.

14．What are the three important points of the Prague School?

【答案】 The Prague School has three points of special importance , First , it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasised the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analysed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third , it looked on language as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.

15．What are closed-class words and open-class words?

A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New 【答案】

members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items.

The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. With the emergence of new ideas , inventions , etc. , new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.

However , the distinction between closed-class words and open-class words is not quiet as clear-cut as it seems. Preposition，though a closed-class，is relatively open one in English. Expressions such as “regarding”，“throughout”， “out of” are now recognized as prepositions or complex prepositions. In respect of open-class items，auxiliary verbs，which used to be ranked as open-class words, are relatively closed in number.