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一、Fill-in-the-blanks

1． The sound /p/can be described with “_____, bilabial, stop”.

【答案】voiceless

【解析】/p/是双唇音，爆破音，清音。

2． Coordination and subordination belong to _____ construction.

【答案】endocentric

【解析】向心结构包含一个作为整体结构的中心或核心的成分，该中心或核心可以在最后，也可以在开头。从 结构上可以划分为两类：主从结构和并列结构。

3． _____ =CHILD （x , y ） & MALE （x ）

【答案】Son

【解析】同时满足“孩子”和“男性”的条件的只能是“儿子”。

4． Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics （utterances ） as_____ and_____. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community , and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.

【答案】langue ; parole

【解析】语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。

5． According to G Leech, _____ meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.

【答案】Connotative

【解析】利奇认为内涵意义是指通过语言所指传达的意义，是位于纯粹的概念意义之上的。

6． The term _____describes a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language，a “high ” and a “low ”，are used, each with separate social functions.

【答案】diglossia

【解析】双语的定义。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

7． IC analysis

【答案】 IC analysis: IC analysis （immediate constituent analysis） refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups （or phrases ） , which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own , and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.

8． Relational opposites

【答案】 This is a type of antonymy , in which the members of a pair do not constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities. For example, “buy/sell” is such a pair. X buys something from Y means Y sells something from X.

9． The London School of Linguistics

【答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth.

10．Minimal pairs

The two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs 【答案】

in the same place in the string. For example，the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.

11．Linguistic determinism

【答案】 Linguistic determinism , is one of the two points of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis , and has developed into the strong version of this hypothesis. It could be summarized as follows: （1） One’s thinking is completely determined by his native language because one cannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language. （2） The categories and distinctions encoded in one language system are unique to that system and incommensurable with those of other systems. Therefore , the following statement could represent this hypothesis 4tIf Aristotle had spoken Chinese , his logic would have been different”.

三、Short-answer-questions

12．Why do we say language is primarily vocal?

Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language 【答案】

is primarily vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages, developed or 6'new, 5. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak （and listen ） before they write （and read） also indicates that language is primarily vocal , rather than written. The ter m “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.

13．What are vowels glide about? What differentiates pure or monophthong vowel from vowel glides?

【答案】 When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, the quality remains constant throughout the articulatioin. In contrast, those where there is an audible change of quality are called vowel glides. V owel glides are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. If a single movement of the tongue is involved, the glides are called diphthongs. A double movement produces triphthongs.

14．What are the major concerns of pragmatics?

【答案】 Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker （or writer） and interpreted by a listener （or reader） . It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.

15．Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.

【答案】 As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.

To a linguist , all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communication functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.

A case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. While in England accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and considered more correct than without it.