2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题
● 摘要
目录
2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（一） ... 2
2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（二） ... 7 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（三） . 12 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（四） . 17 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（五） . 21
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Speech community
【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities.
2． Meaning shift
Meaning shift: In a narrow sense, meaning shift is used to refer to the change of meaning 【答案】
that has nothing to do with generalization or restriction such as broadening or narrowing of meaning.
3． Distinctive features of speech sounds
【答案】 The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example , “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.
4． Subordinate construction
【答案】 Subordinate constructions are one of the two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head , with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent , are subordinate constructions.
5． The London School of Linguistics
【答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth.
二、Fill-in-the-blanks
6． A_____language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.
【答案】creole
【解析】当皮钦语得到发展不再是作为交易的语言，而成为一个社会群体的第一语言时，它就成为克里奥尔语。 由皮钦语转变成为克里奥尔语的过程就称作克里奥尔语化。
7． A_____is a mixed and limited language used for some practical purposes by groups of people who do not know each other’s languages.
【答案】pidgn
【解析】“洋泾浜”语的定义
8． According to G Leech, _____ meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.
【答案】Connotative
【解析】利奇认为内涵意义是指通过语言所指传达的意义，是位于纯粹的概念意义之上的。
9． A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a _____ clause.
【答案】finite
【解析】限定性从句通常有一个主语和一个限定性动词，且在结构上是独立的。
10．Taboo and_____are two faces of the same communication coin.
【答案】euphemism
【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。委
婉语是用一词代替 比较唐突的令人不快的另一词的表达方法。他们是同一交流过程的两个方面。
11．According to_____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.
【答案】The maximal onset principle
【解析】当一个辅音既可放在节首也可放在节尾时，根据最大节首原则应将其放在节首。
三、Short-answer-questions
12．What are the differences between simile and metaphor?
【答案】 Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing , and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. For example, the phrase as cold as ice is a common simile.
Although metaphor also makes a comparison between two unlike elements , this comparison is implied rather than stated. That is , it differs from simile in that the words such as like or as do not appear. For example, uThe life is a stage” is a metaphor.
13．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?
【答案】 Saussure occupies such an important place in the history of linguistics that he is often described as ''father of modem linguistics”：
A. The book Course in General Linguistics （1916），which is the most important source of Saussure‟s ideas, marked the beginning of modem linguistics.
B.Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a
system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified.
C.By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
14．What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?
【答案】 Morphophoneme refers to the phoneme （or string of phonemes ） that constitutes the various allomorphs of a morpheme.
Relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme : Generally speaking , the concept of morphophoneme adds a grammatical meaning to the concept of phoneme. For example , as to the phoneme /s/, it is in fact a configuration of allomorphs of different morphemes , such as the plural morpheme and the 3rd person present simple morpheme. Therefore, we would regard this phoneme as a morphophoneme , represented as /s/.
15．What is the definition of cognitive linguistics?
【答案】 Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language. Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
四、论述题
16．Which of the following sentences are ambiguous? If you know how, use tree diagrams to show how these sentences are ambiguous.
（1）The children put the toy in tile box.
（2）The professor‟s appointment was shocking.
（3）No smoking section is available.
（4）Jack refused to change his decision. 【答案】
Therefore ,
it could be clear that the sentence is ambiguous.