2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题
● 摘要
目录
2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（一） ... 2
2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（二） ... 7 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（三） . 12 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（四） . 17 2018年哈尔滨工业大学外国语学院868专业综合之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（五） . 22
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． computational linguistics
【答案】 Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics , dealing with computer processing of human language, h includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and computer mediated communication.
2． Speech and thought presentation
【答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator‟s speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator‟s representation of speech acts, and narrator‟s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into : narrator‟s representation of t hought , narrator‟s representation of thought acts , indirect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought.
3． Polysemy
【答案】 Polysemy means a single word having several or many meanings. According to Crystal: Polysemy is a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Polysemic words are signs of an advanced culture. Polysemy is also an essential feature of a language‟s economy and efficiency.
4． Audiolingual method
【答案】 Audiolingual method refers to the teaching of a second language through imitation , repetition , and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.
5． Idiolect
【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect”
二、Fill-in-the-blanks
6． Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.
【答案】social
【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存
在的性别歧视现象。
7． The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between ______and phonology.
【答案】phonetics
【解析】布拉格学派主要的贡献是对音系学的研宄和对音系学与语音学的区分。
8． Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present （in time andspace） at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as_____.
【答案】Displacement
【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。
9． By _____is meant the property of having two levels of structures , such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
【答案】duality
【解析】双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。
10．_____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.
【答案】Assimilation
【解析】同化指一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化、齿化、鄂化。
11．The present system of the_____ derives mainly from one developed in the 1920s by the British phonetician , Daniel Jones （1881-1967） , and his colleagues at University of London.
【答案】cardinal vowels
【解析】基本元音是指一系列约定俗成、固定不变的元音特质，目的是为语言中实际存在的元音描述提供一个 参照框架。
三、Short-answer-questions
12．It is claimed in sociolinguistics that you are what you say. How would you comment on this theoretical claim?
【答案】 Everyone speaks differently. A personal dialect of an individual speaker combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In other words, an individual speaker^ regional and social back ground, his/her gender and age jointly determine the way he/she talks. From this point, we can claim that44You are what you say99.
Following this claim , we may expand the scope of our observation by introducing some social
factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context. Among these factors, some major ones include a） class ; b） gender ; c ） age ; d） ethnic identity; e） education background, f ） occupation , and g ） religious belief. In our daily speaking, the potential selection of linguistic forms can reflect the above factors, which determine our identities.
For example , women use more “fancy” color terms such as “mauve” and “beige”； use less powerful curse words; use more intensifiers such as “terrible” and “awful ”； use more tag questions. On the other hand, your way of speaking, to some extent, reflect your identity.
13．How are affixes classified?
【答案】 Considering the free and bound morpheme, affix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme, so it is naturally bound.
Depending on their position with reference to the root or stem of the word, affixes are generally classified into three subtypes , namely , prefix , suffix , and infix. For examples , “para-” as prefix ，“-tion” as suffix, and “-bloomingly-” in word “abso-bloomingly-luty” as infix.
Affix can also be classified depending on the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes. The former often only add a minute grammatical function to the stem and do not change the word class of the word they attach to; while the latter are very productive in making new words and often change the lexical meaning. For instances, “-s” in words “toys”，“walks” and “John‟s” is inflectional affixes, while “-tion” is a derivational affix in word “recitation”.
14．Why do we say language is primarily vocal?
【答案】 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is primarily vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages, developed or “new”. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak （and listen ） before they write （and read） also indicates that language is primarily vocal , rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific.
15．What is the definition of cognitive linguistics?
【答案】 Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the study of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous view of language. Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.
四、论述题
16．What is the relationship between language and literature?
【答案】 Literature is closely related to language. Generally speaking, it is marked by careful use of language, such as creative metaphors, elegant syntax, and so on. It reaches to human beings mostly via language. It could be seen as a language in use. The existence of literature owes a lot to language. The language used in literature is quite often different from language used in other fields , such as everyday use.
In linguistics, the term “genre” is used to refer not only to types of literary works but also to any identifiable type of discourse , whether literary or not. Therefore , literature could be viewed as a particular range of genres or discourse types; that is, as a particular subset of the repertory of genres,