2018年广西师范大学外国语学院620翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题
● 摘要
目录
2018年广西师范大学外国语学院620翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（一） ... 2 2018年广西师范大学外国语学院620翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（二） . 12 2018年广西师范大学外国语学院620翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（三） . 21 2018年广西师范大学外国语学院620翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（四） . 30 2018年广西师范大学外国语学院620翻译与写作之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（五） . 39
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Displacement
Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, 【答案】
what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example , we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.
2． Denotation
【答案】 The core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world. In the case of linguistic signs, the denotative meaning is what the dictionary attempts to provide. It is the literal meaning of a word, the dictionary meaning, opposite to connotation.
3． Subordinate construction
【答案】 Subordinate constructions are one of the two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head , with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent , are subordinate constructions.
4． Speech Act Theory
【答案】 Speech act theory was proposed by J. L. Austin and has been developed by J. R. Searle. Basically , they believe that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used to “do things”，and to perform acts.
5． IPA
【答案】 IPA is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet , which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.
6． Slang :
【答案】 It refers to casual , very informal speech , using expressive but informal words and expressions.
For some people , slang is equivalent to colloquial speech but for others , it means “undesirable speech”. Usually , “colloquial speech” refers to a speech variety used in informal situations with colleagues , friends or relatives ，and “slang” is used for a very informal speech variety which often serves as an “in-group” language for a particular set of people such as teenagers , army recruits , pop-groups etc. Most slang is rather unstable as its words and expressions can change quite rapidly, for
example , “Beat it!” “Scram!”，and “Rack off!” for “leave”.
7． Paradigmatic relations
【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent.
8． Language Acquisition Device （LAD ）
【答案】 Language Acquisition Device: LAD refers to an innate faculty of language in general with which children are bom. It is posited by Chomsky , who argues that LAD probably consists of three elements : a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
9． Idiolect
【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect”
10．figure-ground alignment
【答案】 Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving , it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．Produce surface structures from the following deep structures without going through the process of transformations.
（1）Neg she past work last week
（2）Tag you past meet him
（3）the students I pres be+ing help the students I
（4）policemen past be+en beat John
（5）Q the professor pres be angry SOME REASON
（6）SOMEONE past be+ing be+en beat Joseph hard
（7）Q he past do SOMETHING
（8）Imp you pres will wash you
（9）[ Neg Mary past go to the bookstore] [Neg Lisa past go to the bookstore]
（10）the girl [the girl pres be beautiful]pres be from China
【答案】（1） She didn't work last week.
（2）You met him, didn't you?
（3）The students are helping themselves.
（4）The policemen were beaten by John.
（5）Why is the professor angry?
（6）He / She was being beaten hard by Joseph.
（7 ） What did he do?
（8）Wash yourself.
（9）Mary didn‟t go to the bookstore. Lisa didn‟t go to the bookstore either.
（10）The girl who is beautiful is from China.
12．Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationships between arbitrariness & onomatopoeic words and arbitrariness convention?
【答案】 Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Onomatopoeic words are the words that sound like the sounds they describe. Only when people know the meaning can they infer that the linguistic sign is appropriate for the exact sound. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation.
13．What are the differences between simile and metaphor?
【答案】 Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing , and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. For example, the phrase as cold as ice is a common simile.
Although metaphor also makes a comparison between two unlike elements , this comparison is implied rather than stated. That is , it differs from simile in that the words such as like or as do not appear. For example, uThe life is a stage” is a metaphor.
14．How to distinguish root and stem?
【答案】 Root is that part of a word-form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. Thus in the word undesirables , the root is desire. Stem is the part of a word-form that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. So in the word undesirables, the stem is undesirable. The stem of a word may be: a） a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme or root , e.g. work ; b ） a root plus a derivational affix , e.g. worker ; c ） two or more roots , e.g. workshop.
15．Please explain the original idea in the speech act theory.
Motorist : My car needs new exhaust system.
Mechanic : I‟ll be busy with this other car all day.
【答案】 Speech act theory, originally proposed by Austin, is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication.
Austin made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
Later on, for a variety of reasons, Austin gave up his initial distinction between constatives and performatives. He set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language.