2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题
● 摘要
目录
2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（一） ... 2 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（二） . 11 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（三） . 20 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（四） . 29 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（五） . 38
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Broad and narrow transcription
【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription: In broad transcription, one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.
2． phoneme
Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic 【答案】
features which can distinguish meaning. For example, in English, is described as a phoneme.
3． Government
【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it.
4． Inflection
【答案】 Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes , such as number , person , finiteness , aspect and case , which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix: „„-ed‟‟； the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix: „„-ren‟‟.
5． Lexical relations
【答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy , antonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, homonymy, and so on. （a ） Synonymy refers to the sameness relation ; “autum”, and “full ” are synonyms , for example , （b ） Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation ; for example , “buy” and “sell ” are antonyms , （c ） Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation; for example, “apple” is a hyponym of “fruit”, （d ） Polysemy means one word that has more than one related meaning ，and “bank”，as an example , is a polysemous word. （e ） Homonymy refers to the relation of two different words which are identical either in sound, or spelling, or both, such as “bow” （bau ） and “bow” （b əu ）.
6． Meaning shift
Meaning shift: In a narrow sense, meaning shift is used to refer to the change of meaning 【答案】
that has nothing to do with generalization or restriction such as broadening or narrowing of meaning.
7． MT
【答案】 It refers to machine translation, the use of machine （usually computers） to translate texts from one natural language to another
8． Hyponymy
Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】
a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.
9． Arbitrariness
【答案】 Arbitrariness : Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs have no natural relationship to their meaning. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative , a conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. For example, it is unable to explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/.
10．Minimal pairs
The two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs 【答案】
in the same place in the string. For example，the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．How to understand a sentence?
【答案】 Besides decoding sounds and lexical meanings, comprehension also includes untangling the meaning of sentences. There are a few elements influencing the comprehension of sentences. The first is that the ambiguity of word meaning leads to difficulties in sentence understanding. The more complex information the word has , the more difficult the sentence is to be understood. The second factor is that the linguistic structure of the sentence affects the processing time. Psycholinguists have addressed th phenomena of sentence comprehension in different ways. Firstly , serial models propose that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language‟ s grammar with remarkable speed. Secondly, parallel models emphasize the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range
12．What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discoursed contribution to language acquisition?
【答案】 Input hypothesis proposed by Krashen, holds that language acquisition takes place when a learner understands input that contains grammatical forms that are at “i + 1”（i. e. are a little more advanced than the current state of the
learner‟s interlanguage） . In other words, language acquisition depends on comprehensible input. Interaction hypothesis by Michael Long, also emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input but claims that it is most effective when it is modified through the negotiation of meaning.
13．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?
【答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form （signifier ） and an idea （signified ） , and it is the central fact of language.
By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
14．What is register? Use an example to illustrate your idea.
【答案】 There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which variety from the linguistic repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. The type of language that is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. The register is determined by three social variables : field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, an appropriate language to an academic lecture in a college should be formal and polite, which is called register.
15．In English, the phonemeis pronounced differently in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?
【答案】 In English , there is a rule that a is unaspirated
after but aspirated in other places. So in pat , tap
is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is
after To bring out the phonetic difference , an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h” after the symbol of the sound. So a
phonetic transcription for peak isand that for speak isSo are two different phones and are variants of the phonemeSuch variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context :
occurs after
while occurs in other places. We can present this rule as:
elsewhere
（note :
is the position in whichappears. ）
In addition, sometimes a phoneme may also have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.
16．Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two.
【答案】 By definition , phonetics is the study of speech sounds , including the production of speech , while phonology is the study of the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech. Phonetics is the study of the production , perception , and physical properties of speech sounds ; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined , organized , and convey meaning in