2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题
● 摘要
目录
2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（一） ... 2 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（二） . 10 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（三） . 21 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（四） . 31 2018年北京邮电大学人文学院614英语语言基础之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（五） . 41
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Metonymy
【答案】 Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by 也e name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance , “Washington ”，as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym （an instance of metonymy） for the United States government.
2． Idiolect
【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect”
3． Transformational-Generative grammar
【答案】 Transformational-generative grammar is proposed by Noam Chomsky. He postulated a syntactic base of language （called deep structure ） , which consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules, i.e., a series of （possibly universal） rules that generates the underlying phrase-structure of a sentence. The end result of a transformational-generative grammar is a surface structure that is identical to an actual sentence of a language , after the mediating of a series of rules （called transformations ） that act upon the deep structures.
4． Endocentric construction
【答案】 Endocentric construction : An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words , which serves as a definable center , or head. Hence an endocentric construction is also known as a heade d construction. Noun phrases like “Lovely Lucy” are typical endocentric constructions.
5． Language acquisition
【答案】 It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.
6． Distinctive features of speech sounds
【答案】 The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example , “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents
in English.
7． Glottal Stop
【答案】 V ocal tract is composed of oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharynx. When the vocal folds are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop.
8． Contrastive analysis
【答案】 Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.
9． Cross-cultural communication
【答案】 Cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , between persons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretation and misunderstanding can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown.
10．Syllable
【答案】 Syllable : It refers to a unit of spoken language that is bigger than a speech sound. It consists of one or more vowel sounds alone or of a syllabic consonant alone or of either with one or more consonant sounds preceding or following.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the actions performed by the speakers?
Carol : Are you coming to the party tonight?
Lara : I've got an exam tomorrow.
【答案】 In this short exchange, obviously Lara breaks the maxim of relation of CP by talking about something totally irrelevant with CaroFs question. However , we can understand her meaning perfectly. Lara is conveying an indirect meaning by giving out an utterance containing a conversational implicative. Her aim is to refuse Carol‟s invitation in a polite and less harsh manner.
12．Write the international phonetic alphabet for the following words.
（1） hypothesis （2） academician （3）verbatim （4） technique
（5） capacity （6） standardize （7）guarantee （8） paradigm
（9） primarily （10） rhetoric （11）procedure （12） originate
【答案】（1）
（5）
（9）
（2） （6） （10） （7） （11
） （3） （8） （12） （4）
13．What is the difference between mistakes and errors?
【答案】 Errors are defined as unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner and suggest failure in competence, while mistakes as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible suggest failure in performance.
14．Please explain the original idea in the speech act theory.
Motorist : My car needs new exhaust system.
Mechanic : I‟ll be busy with this other car all day.
【答案】 Speech act theory, originally proposed by Austin, is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication.
Austin made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
Later on, for a variety of reasons, Austin gave up his initial distinction between constatives and performatives. He set up another model to explain the way acts were performed by means of language. According to his new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
15．What is the relationship between tree diagrams and structural ambiguity?
【答案】 In a theory of syntax using tree diagrams （phrase markers ） to represent syntactic structure , the explanation of the phenomenon of structural ambiguity is straightforward : whereas an unambiguous sentence is associated with just one basic tree diagram, a structurally ambiguous sentence is associated with more than one basic tree diagram.
16．Why is back-formation a productive way of forming verbs?
【答案】 Backformation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is derived by the deletion of an imagined affix of a longer form already present in the language. It is a special kind of metanalysis , combined with analogical creation, e.g. the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the imagined derivational suffix -or.
The majority of backformed words are verbs，for verbs have a peculiar property to develop around them a number of deverbal nouns, such as the agent noun and the noun of action, like edit from editor. Verbs also generate various types of participial adjectives, such as creating and created. Hence people expect to find a family of derivatives attached to a verb. On the other hand, when people come across one or more apparently deverbal nouns, they often take for granted that there must he a corresponding verb , and they simply create the verb base from which the original word seems to be derived.
三、Essay-question
17．Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other.
The first said:
“哎，几点了？”
and the second said:
“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗？”
What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you
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