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一、Fill-in-the-blanks

1． The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for , is known as the _____ theory.

【答案】Referential

【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。

2． Modem linguistic is_____ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.

【答案】Descriptive

【解析】把语言说成描述性的科学是说语言学家试图发现和记录一语言共同体的成员所遵循的规则，并不是 强加给他们其他规则或正确的标准。

3． There are three principles of language testing:_____，_____and_____.

【答案】V alidity ; reliability; practicality

【解析】语言测试的三个原则：效度原则，信度原则及实用性原则。

4． The publication of Syntactic Structures （1957） marked the beginning of the______.

【答案】Chomsky Revolution

【解析】1957年，乔姆斯基写了一本名为《句法结构》的著作，这本书标志着“乔姆斯基改革时代”的到来， 从此，乔姆斯基在语言学界的地位变得极为重要。

5． The syllable structure in Chinese is_____or_____or_____.

【答案】CVC ，CV ，V

【解析】普通话的音节中节首位置最多有一个辅音，结尾只能是鼻音

以写为（C ）V （C ）.

6． Any discourse can be seen as a configuration of field, mode and_____.

【答案】tenor

【解析】话语包括语场、语式、语旨三个方面。

所以汉语的音节可

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

7． Cognition

【答案】 Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states （such as beliefs, desires and intentions ） and can be understood as information processing , especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved , or processes such as involving knowledge , expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing , including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.

8． Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

【答案】 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts : linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around , they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine peopled thinking and behavior ; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far , many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.

9． Category

Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in 【答案】

a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.

10．Cross-cultural communication

【答案】 Cross-cultural communication is an exchange of ideas , information , etc , between persons from different cultural backgrounds. The cultural conventions of the participants may widely different , and misinterpretation and misunderstanding can easily arise , even leading to a total communication breakdown.

11．distinctive features

a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular 【答案】

aspects of language sounds , first suggested by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s and then developed by numerous other people.

三、Short-answer-questions

12．Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice’s Cooperative Principle

A : Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?

B : I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No.9 is my favorite.

【答案】 B has obviously violated Maxim of Relation: A was asking B‟s opinion about a particular popular song , but B‟s response was actually about classical music. By such a violation , B probably wanted to imply that he did not like that popular song.

13．How does modem language define “object ”？ Provide an example.

【答案】 In modem language, object is defined as such an item that it can become a subject in passive transformation. For example, in sentence tcThe lion chased the tourist,, ? “the tourisf” acts as the object. In the passive voiced sentence “The tourist was chased by the lion”，“the tourist” acts as the subject of the sentence.

14．What are the three important points of the Prague School?

【答案】 The Prague School has three points of special importance , First , it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasised the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analysed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third , it looked on language as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.

15．Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?

【答案】 Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements——for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.

If language had no such design feature , then it would be like animal communicational system which consists of only a number of basic sounds and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations （e.g. words ） , which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the number of messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.