2018年北京第二外国语学院英语学院811综合考试(英1)之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题
● 摘要
一、Multiple-Choice
1． Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?（ ） A. B. C. D.
【答案】D
【解析】选项A 、B 、C 都是摩擦音，. 是近音。
2． The （ ）is a syllabus in which the language content is arranged in terms of speech acts together with the language items needed for them.
A.structural syllabus
B.situational syllabus
C.notional syllabus
D.functional syllabus
【答案】B
【解析】在情景教学大纲中，语言内容是根据言语行为和所需的语言来进行组织的，其目的是要具体区分目的 语使用的不同场景，语言的选择和组织都是以情景为线索的。
3． Compound words consist ofmorphemes.（ ）
A.bound
B.free
C.both bound and free
【答案】B
【解析】合成词是由自由词素组合而成的。
4． Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles areitems.（ ）
A.open-class
B.closed-class
C.neither open-class nor closed-class
【答案】B
【解析】封闭类词的成员数目固定，数量有限，像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词。
5． （ ）does not belong to Construal Operations.
A.Attention/ Salience
B.Judgment/ Comparison
C.metaphor and metonymy
D.Perspective/ Situatednesss
【答案】C
【解析】识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本 心理过程和来源。包括（1）注意力/突显；（2）判断/对比；（3）视点/观察者位置。
6． Which of the following is the concern of “reference ”？（ ）
A.It is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form.
B.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world,
D.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.
【答案】C
【解析】sense 和reference 同属于meaning 的两个方面。sense 是关于语言形式的内部意义，是语言形式所有特点的集合，字典编纂者对此项感兴趣。选项C 是关于reference 的解释，指一种语言形式在现实世界中所指代 的事物。因此，本题的正确答案为C 。
二、Short-answer-questions
7． What are the three important points of the Prague School?
【答案】 The Prague School has three points of special importance , First , it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasised the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analysed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third , it looked on language as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.
8． How is language related to society?
【答案】 （1） While language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”，“How is your family?' “Nice day today, isn‟t it?”
（2）Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language , in its turn , reveals information about its speaker.
（3）Language , especially the structure of its lexicon , reflects both the physical and social environment of a society. For example, while there is only one word in English for usnow, 9, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.
9． What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?
【答案】 Meaning refers to the association of language symbols with the real world. There are many types of meanings according to different approaches. Concept is the impression of objects in peopled mind ; connotation , meaning the properties of the entity a word denotes , is the implied
meaning , similar to implication and implicature ; denotation , like sense , is not directly related to objects , but makes the abstract assumption of the real world. For example, the denotation of human is any person such as John and Mary, and its connotation is “biped‟‟ „„featherless‟‟ „„rational‟‟ etc.
10．How does modem language define “object ”？ Provide an example.
【答案】 In modem language, object is defined as such an item that it can become a subject in passive transformation. For example, in sentence tcThe lion chased the tourist,, ? “the tourisf” acts as the object. In the passive voiced sentence “The tourist was chased by the lion”，“the tourist” acts as the subject of the sentence.