2018年北京大学外国语学院885语言学专业知识之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题
● 摘要
目录
2018年北京大学外国语学院885语言学专业知识之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（一） ... 2 2018年北京大学外国语学院885语言学专业知识之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（二） . 10 2018年北京大学外国语学院885语言学专业知识之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（三） . 19 2018年北京大学外国语学院885语言学专业知识之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（四） . 30 2018年北京大学外国语学院885语言学专业知识之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题（五） . 39
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． computational linguistics
【答案】 Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics , dealing with computer processing of human language, h includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and computer mediated communication.
2． Speech and thought presentation
【答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator‟s speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator‟s representation of speech acts, and narrator‟s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized into : narrator‟s representatio n of thought , narrator‟s representation of thought acts , indirect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought.
3． Inflection
【答案】 Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes , such as number , person , finiteness , aspect and case , which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached. For example, the past form of the verb work is realized by the addition of the inflectional suffix: „„-ed‟‟； the plural form of the noun child is realized by the inflectional suffix: „„-ren‟‟.
4． Allomorph
【答案】 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/.
5． Hyponymy
Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】
a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be established between “animal” and “rabbit”.
6． Contrastive analysis
【答案】 Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on
a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.
7． Assimilation
【答案】 It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. It is often used synonymously with coarticulation. Nasalization, dentalization and，velarization are all instances of assimilation. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation;
the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation. For example, in “mink”，“n”，which is originally pronounced aswill be velarized by the following “k”/k/，and therefore the word will be pronounced as
8． Construal and construal operations
【答案】Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation etc. Construal operations are conceptualizing processes applied in language process by human beings. That is, construal operations are the underlying psychological processes and resources employed in the interpretation of linguistic expressions.
9． Stylistics
【答案】 Stylistics is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses （varieties ） of language , and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.
10．Speech community
【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．One of the design features of human language is creativity. What is it? And what makes it possible?
【答案】 The creativity of language means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Creativity is a property unique to human language. It is one of design features that only human language has.
Human language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. The speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form all infinite sets of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The fact that human language is recursive could be shown in that words can be used in new ways to mean new things , and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that word before. For example, I could make a sentence like The old lady who is waiting for the
girl who is talking to the boy who is playing with a basketball is my grandma.
Recursiveness also includes coordination and subordination , conjoining and embedding , hypotactic and paratactic. recursiveness, together with openness , is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language.
12．It is claimed in sociolinguistics that you are what you say. How would you comment on this theoretical claim?
【答案】 Everyone speaks differently. A personal dialect of an individual speaker combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In other words, an individual speaker^ regional and social back ground, his/her gender and age jointly determine the way he/she talks. From this point, we can claim that44You are what you say99.
Following this claim , we may expand the scope of our observation by introducing some social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context. Among these factors, some major ones include a） class ; b） gender ; c ） age ; d） ethnic identity; e） education background, f ） occupation , and g ） religious belief. In our daily speaking, the potential selection of linguistic forms can reflect the above factors, which determine our identities.
For example , women use more “fancy” color terms such as “mauve” and “beige”； use less powerful curse words; use more intensifiers such as “terrible” and “awful ”； use more tag questions. On the other hand, your way of speaking, to some extent, reflect your identity.
13．What are the four obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?
【答案】 A variety of explanations have been put forward for the apparent decline in adults:
Physical factors such as the loss of “plasticity” in the brain and “lateralization” of the brain; social factors such as the different situations and relationships that children encounter compared to adults ; cognitive factors such as the interference with natural language learning by the adulfs more abstract mode of thinking; and input factors that adults spend only a few hours each week of school time, rather than via the constant interaction experienced by a child, with a lot of other occupations.
14．What is reference?
Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with 【答案】
the relationship between linguistic elements and non-linguistic world of experience.
Reference in its wider sense would be the relationship between a word or phrase and an entity in the external world. For example, the word tree refers to the object “tree”.
Reference in its narrower sense is the relationship between a word or phrase and a specific object, e.g. a particular tree or a particular animal. For example, Peter's horse would refer to a horse which is owned , ridden by, or in some way associated with Peter.
15．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the actions performed by the speakers?
Carol : Are you coming to the party tonight?
Lara : I've got an exam tomorrow.
【答案】 In this short exchange, obviously Lara breaks the maxim of relation of CP by talking about something totally irrelevant with CaroFs question. However , we can understand her meaning perfectly. Lara is conveying an indirect meaning by giving out an utterance containing a conversational