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北京航空航天大学2005年

硕士研究生入学考试试题

综合英语

Ⅰ Define the following terms

1 Consonant: consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place todivert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

2 Morphology: morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.

3 Hyponymy: hyponymy is a matter of class membership. For example, the meaning of “desk”is included in that of “furniture”, which is called superordinate. And here “desk ” is the hyponym of “furniture”.

4 Fuzziness: it refers to a quality of being indistinct, which can be found in almost every branchof linguistics.

5 Idiom: An idiom is an expression whose meaning is not compositional—that is, whose meaning does not follow from the meaning of the individual words of which it is composed.

6 Phonology: it is the study of the sound systems of languages.

7 Metalanguage: In linguistics, it is a language used to make statements about language(the object language).

8 Onomatopoeia: it is a figure of speech that employs a word or occasionally, a grouping of words, that imitates, echoes, or suggests the object it is describing, such as "bang", "click", "fizz","hush" or "buzz" and not "moo" "quack" or "meow", since animals do not create those sounds.

9 Sociolinguistics: it is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used.

10 Etymology: it is the study of the origins of words.

ⅡDescribe the differences between each pair of terms

1 Syntax and semantics: syntax is the study of the rules, or “patterned relations”, that govern the way the words in a sentence are arranged. While semantics is the study of meaning, and it is oftenopposed to syntax, in which case the former pertains to what something means while the latter pertains to the formal structure/patterns in which something is expressed .