[单选]

（）involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance.These other projects can be within the performing organization or outside of it,and can be within the same or in another application area.

In the project management context（）includes characteristics of unification,consolidation, articulation, and integrative actions that are crucial to project completion,successfully meeting customer and other stakeholder requirements, and managing expectations. integration。 scope。 process。 charter。 根据《防治船舶污染海洋环境管理条例》规定具体负责防治船舶及其有关作业活动污染海洋环境的监督管理的机构是（）。 国务院交通运输主管部门。 海洋环境监察机构。 海事管理机构。 中国船级社。 Organizations perform work to achieve a set of objectives. Generally, work can be categorized as either projects or operations, although the two sometimes are（） confused。 same。 overlap。 dissever。 （）is the budgeted amount for the work actually completed on the schedule activity or WBS component during a giving time period. Plannedvalue。 Earned value。 Actualcost。 Costvariance。 PDM includes four types of dependencies or precedence relationships:（）.The completion ofthe successor activity depends upon the initiation of the predecessor activity. Finish-to-Start。 Finish-to-Finish。 Start-to-Start。 Start-to-Finish。

（）involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance.These other projects can be within the performing organization or outside of it,and can be within the same or in another application area.