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一、Multiple-Choice

1． The strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis holds that language patterns（ ）people ’s thinking and behavior.

A.influence

B.determine

C.distort

D.have no influence on

【答案】B

SWH （萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说）【解析】有两种检释：一个是strong version, 认为语言决定思维，

另一个是weak version, 认为语言只是在某种程度上影响思维。因此，本题的正确答案为B 。

2． Which of the following is NOT the element that phrases formed of more than one word usually contain? （ ）

A.Head.

B.Specifier.

C.Word category.

D.Complement.

【答案】C

【解析】由多个单词构成的短语通常包括：中心语、标志语和补语。因此，本题的正确答案为C 。

3． Which of the following is different from the others in terms of word formation?（ ）

A.in-bom.

B.cut-up.

C.head-on.

D.respectable.

【答案】D

【解析】就构词法而言，A 、B 、C 选项都是compounds 合成词，即将词串在一起，只有D 选项是派生词， 词基respect 加上后缀-able 派生出不同于respect 词类的新词。因此，本题的正确答案为D 。

4． （ ）is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrast as singular, dual, plural, etc.（ ）.

A.Category

B.Number

C.Gender

D.Case

【答案】B

【解析】数是用来分析词类的语法范畴，有单数、双数和复数等。在英语中，数主要是名词的范畴，包括两种 形式：单数和复数。

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

5． The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between ______and phonology.

【答案】phonetics

【解析】布拉格学派主要的贡献是对音系学的研宄和对音系学与语音学的区分。

6． The description of a language as it changes through time is a_____ study.

【答案】Diachronic linguistic

【解析】历时语言学集中研究几十年或几百年的时期内两个或比两个更多的语言状况的差异。

7． Such errors as “teached ” and “womans ” are caused by_____.

【答案】second language learners

【解析】这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。

8． A word formed by derivation is called a_____, and a word formed by compounding is called a_____.

【答案】derivative ; compound

【解析】词汇的变化方式主要有复合和派生两种。派生而成的词叫派生词，复合而成的词叫合成词。

三、Short-answer-questions

9． What is reference?

Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with 【答案】

the relationship between linguistic elements and non-linguistic world of experience.

Reference in its wider sense would be the relationship between a word or phrase and an entity in the external world. For example, the word tree refers to the object “tree”.

Reference in its narrower sense is the relationship between a word or phrase and a specific object, e.g. a particular tree or a particular animal. For example, Peter's horse would refer to a horse which is owned , ridden by, or in some way associated with Peter.

10．Identify the type of trope employed in the following examples.

1）The boy was as cunning as a fox.

2）…the innocent sleep the death of each day’s life, …（Shakespeare ）

3）Buckingham Palace has already been told the train may be axed when the rail network has been

privatised. （Daily Mirror, 2 February 1993）

4）Ted Dexter confessed last night that England are in a right old spin as to how they can beat India this winter. （Daily Mirror, 2 February 1993）

【答案】 1） simile 2 ） metaphor 3 ） metonymy 4 ） synecdoche

四、Synthesis

11．What are the main features el Stratificational Grammar?

【答案】 Lamb’s Stratificational Grammar consists of three levels : phoneme , morpheme , and morphophoneme. It sees the complex relationship in language as series of connected strata systems on t.he assumption that while the system of relationships are not directly observable, it is generalizable. In this grammar, there is no direct relation between a concept and its sounds, and that there are various strata that make up a number of strata systems. Among these, the four principal ones are the sememic, lexemic , morphemic, and the phonemic, from top to bottom.

12．What do these two quotes reveal about the different emphasis or perspectives of language studies?

【答案】 A human language is a system of remarkable complexity. To collie to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acquires this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without specific training. He can then quite effortlessly make use of an intricate structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his thoughts and feelings to others, ... Thus language is a mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence, created anew in each individual by operations that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness. （Noam Chomsky : Reflectionson Language. 1975:4）

It is fairly obvious that language is used to serve a variety of different needs, but until we examine its grammar there is no clear reason for classifying its uses in any particular way. However, when we examine the meaning potential of language itself, we find that the vast numbers of options embodied in it combine into a very few relatively independent “networks”； and these networks of options correspond to certain basic functions of language. This enables us to give an account of the different functions of language that is relevant to the general understanding of linguistic structure rather than to any particular psychological or sociological investigation. （M. A, K, Halliday. 1970: 142）

The first quote shows children＇s inborn ability of acquiring the knowledge of intricate structure of specific rules. It implies that the language user＇s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is the valuable object of study for linguists. The second attaches great importance to the functions of language. It regards the use of language as the choice of needed function. The meaning of language can be completely included by a few “networks” which is directly related to basic functions of language. It indicates the necessity to study the functions of language.