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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Paradigmatic relations

【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent.

2． Concord （or : Agreement）

【答案】 It may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category （or categories ） . For example, the syntactic relationship between that girl and she in the following dialogue: A: Who is that girl? B: Oh, she is my sister.

3． Lingua franca

【答案】 It is language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language , lhe lingua franca could be an internationally used language of communication （e. g. English） , it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages.

4． IC analysis

【答案】 IC analysis: IC analysis （immediate constituent analysis） refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups （or phrases ） , which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own , and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached. In practice, for the sake of convenience, we usually stop at the level of word.

5． computational linguistics

【答案】 Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics , dealing with computer processing of human language, h includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and computer mediated communication.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． _____refers to the use of machine （usually computers） to translate texts from one natural language to another.

【答案】Machine translation

【解析】机器翻译是指使用机器将语篇从一个自然语言翻译至另一个自然语言。

7． _____is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.

【答案】Situational language teaching

【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

8． Terms like “desk ” and “stool ” are_____ of the term “furniture ”.

【答案】（co-） hyponyms

【解析】在上下义关系中，一个坐标词通常有很多下义词。同类中的成员叫做同下义词。题中“桌子”和“凳 子”都是“家具”的下义词。

9． According to G Leech, _____ meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.

【答案】Connotative

【解析】利奇认为内涵意义是指通过语言所指传达的意义，是位于纯粹的概念意义之上的。

10．In 1979, Chomsky delivered a series of lectures Pisa , Italy , which were revised later and published under the title of______

【答案】Lectures on Government and Binding

【解析】1979年，乔姆斯基开展了一系列的讲座，之后把讲座内容写成一本书，叫做《管辖与约束》，即修 正的扩展的标准理论。

11．There has been a maxim in_____which claims that “You are what you say”.

【答案】quantity

【解析】格莱斯的数量准则指1. 使你的话语如（交谈的当前目的）所要求的那样信息充分；

2. 不要使你的话 语比要求的信息更充分。即说你该说的。

三、Short-answer-questions

12．Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.

【答案】 Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language , not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes. Take disagreeable for example, it contains three morphemes, dis-, agree and -able. A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. For instance, -ion, -tion, -sion and -ation are the positional variants of the same suffix. They do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound depending on the final phoneme of the preceding verb. They are called allomorphs. So an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.

13．How do you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations?

【答案】 In Saussure‟s view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of two parts: signified and signifier. And the relationships between these two parts are arbitrary. Syntagmatic relation

is a relation between elements that form part of the same form , sequence , construction , etc. e.g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts. The syntagmatic relation is also called horizontal relation or chain relation. Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure. The paradigmatic relation is also called vertical relation or choice relation.

14．How are the vowels described usually?

【答案】 Usually , the description of the vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements:

（1）The height of tongue raising （high , mid, low）;

（2）The position of the highest part of the tongue （front , central, back）;

（3）The length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short） , and

（4）lip-rounding （rounded vs. unrounded）.

15．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the actions performed by the speakers?

Carol : Are you coming to the party tonight?

Lara : I've got an exam tomorrow.

【答案】 In this short exchange, obviously Lara breaks the maxim of relation of CP by talking about something totally irrelevant with CaroFs question. However , we can understand her meaning perfectly. Lara is conveying an indirect meaning by giving out an utterance containing a conversational implicative. Her aim is to refuse Carol‟s invitation in a polite and less harsh manner.

四、论述题

16．Illustrate “Immediate Constituent Analysis”.

The relation between a sentence and its component elements is generally referred to as the 【答案】

relation between a construction and its constituents , in which a very important notion is immediate constituent analysis, IC Analysis for short.

The immediate constituent analysis may be defined as： the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups （or phrases ） , which are in turn analyzed in to the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

The immediate constituent analysis of a sentence may be carried out with brackets or with a tree diagram. The criterion for the immediate constituent analysis is substitutability: whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same. Through IC analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.

For example: the IC structure for the sentence “The boy ate the apple.” is:

1）

Tree diagram