当前位置：问答库＞考研试题

一、Multiple-Choice

1． is the study of the phonic medium of language.（ ）

A.Phonetics

B.Phonology

C.Phone

D.Phoneme

【答案】A

【解析】语音学被定义为对语言的语音媒介的研究，它涉及所有出现在世界语言中的声音；音位学的研究目 的是发现一门语言中的语音是如何形成的，这些语音是如何在语言交际中传达意义的；音素是一个语音单元 或音段，我们在交际中所听到和发出的语音都是音素；音位是一个具有区别性意义的抽象单位，它不是任何 一个特定的语音，而是由一个特定音素（phone ）在一定语音语境中来表达或实现的。因此，本题的正确答案 为A 。

2． In English, （ ） and （ ） are often expressed by subject and object.

A.theme and rhyme

B.theme and predicate

C.predicate and object

D.subject and predicate

【答案】A

【解析】较早提出主位和述位概念的是布拉格学派创始人之一马泰休斯。主位和述位通常指主语和谓语，但主位结构分析属于语义分析，而主语一谓语一补语分析属于结构分析。

3． is the ideal user?s knowledge of the rules of his language and is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（ ）

A.Competence , performance

B.Performance , competence

C.Parole , langue

D.Langue , parole

【答案】A

【解析】乔姆斯基于20世纪50年代末提出的语言能力competence 和语言运用performance 。前者是理想的语 言使用者关于语言规则方面的知识，后者是这种知识在语言交际中的具体实现。因此，本题的正确答案为A 。

4． （ ）does not belong to Construal Operations.

A.Attention/ Salience

B.Judgment/ Comparison

C.metaphor and metonymy

D.Perspective/ Situatednesss

【答案】C

【解析】识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本 心理过程和来源。包括（1）注意力/突显；（2）判断/对比；（3）视点/观察者位置。

5． How many morphemes is the word “undesirability ” composed of?（ ）

A.Seven

B.Two

C.Three.

D.Four.

【答案】D

【解析】Undesirability 由四个词素构成：un+desire+able+ity。因此，本题的正确答案为D 。

6． When language is used to get information from others, it serves an.function.（ ）

A.informative

B.directive

C.interrogative

【答案】C

【解析】语言用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理。信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般出现在陈述句中。

二、Short-answer-questions

7． How do you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations?

【答案】 In Saussure‟s view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of two parts: signified and signifier. And the relationships between these two parts are arbitrary. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between elements that form part of the same form , sequence , construction , etc. e.g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts. The syntagmatic relation is also called horizontal relation or chain relation. Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure. The paradigmatic relation is also called vertical relation or choice relation.

8． How to understand a sentence?

【答案】 Besides decoding sounds and lexical meanings, comprehension also includes untangling the meaning of sentences. There are a few elements influencing the comprehension of sentences. The first is that the ambiguity of word meaning leads to difficulties in sentence understanding. The more complex information the word has , the more difficult the sentence is to be understood. The second factor is that the linguistic structure of the sentence affects the processing time. Psycholinguists have addressed th phenomena of sentence comprehension in different ways. Firstly , serial models propose

that the sentence comprehension system continually and sequentially follows the constraints of a language‟ s grammar with remarkable speed. Secondly, parallel models emphasize the comprehension system is sensitive to a vast range

9． What is language variation?

【答案】 It is differences in pronunciation, grammar, or word choice within a language. Variation in a language may be related to region, to social class and/or educational background or to the degree of formality of a situation in which language is used.

For sociolinguists , the most important verity is that a language —any language —is full of systematic variation, variation that can only accounted for by appealing, outside language, to socially relevant force and facts.

Sociolinguistics takes as its primary task to map linguistic variation on to social conditions. This mapping helps understand not just synchronic variation （variation at a single point of time）, but also diachronic variation （variation over time） or language change.

10．Language can change through blending, metanalysis and borrowing. Give two English words to illustrate each of them.

【答案】 1） blending : smog, brunch

2）metanalysis : an apron （which was originally “a napron”）； an adder （which was originally “a nadder”）

3）borrowing : tea, encore