2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题
● 摘要
目录
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（一） .... 2
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（二） .... 7
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（三） .. 11
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（四） .. 15
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研仿真模拟五套题（五） .. 19
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． grammatical word
【答案】 It refers to those which mainly work for constructing group , phrase , clause , clause complex , or even text , such as , conjunctions , prepositions , articles , and pronouns. Grammatical words serve to link together different content parts. So they are also known as Function Words.
2． Corpus
【答案】 Corpus is a collection of linguistic data , either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech. The main purpose of a corpus is to verify a hypothesis about language~~for example , to determine how the application of a particular sound , word , or syntactic construction varies.
3． Government
【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it.
4． Metonymy
【答案】 Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by 也e name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance , “Washington ”，as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym （an instance of metonymy） for the United States government.
5． Coarticulation
Coarticulation refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their 【答案】
neighbors. For example , as in lamb , when a is followed by m , the velum will begin to lower itself during the articulation of a so that it is ready for the following nasal. When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation. If the sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation. If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound, it is preservative coarticulation.
二、Short-answer-questions
6． What are closed-class words and open-class words?
A word that belongs to the closed-class is one whose membership is fixed or limited. New 【答案】
members are not regularly added. Therefore, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc., are all closed items.
The open-class is one whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. With the emergence of new ideas , inventions , etc. , new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class items.
However , the distinction between closed-class words and open-class words is not quiet as clear-cut as it seems. Preposition，though a closed-class，is relatively open one in English. Expressions such as “regarding”，“throughout”， “out of” are now recognized as prepositions or complex prepositions. In respect of open-class items，auxiliary verbs，which used to be ranked as open-class words, are relatively closed in number.
7． How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?
（a ）The television drank my water.
（b ）His dog writes poetry.
【答案】（a ） The verb drink represents a behavior of the animate beings, therefore, it is required that the subject of this verb should have a semantic feature as （+ANIMATE） , however, the word television , which is in position of subject, has an opposite feature:（-ANIMATE ） . That’s why such a collocation results in oddness.
（b ） The action of writing poetry is normally one which only human beings could do, therefore, the subject is required to have a semantic feature as （+HUMAN） ; however, the word dog in the subject position is featured as （-HUMAN ） . Therefore, the sentence is odd.
8． What are the criteria used in phonetic description of vowels?
【答案】 As the vowels can not be described in the same way as the consonants , a system of cardinal vowels has been suggested to get out of this problem. The cardinal vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined , fixed and unchanging , intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages. The cardinal vowels are abstract concept. The cardinal vowel diagram is a set of hypothetical positions for vowels used as reference points.
The description of English vowels needs to fulfill four basic requirements : （1） the height of tongue raising ; the position of the highest part of the tongue （high , middle or low）（2）（front , central, back ） ; the length or tenseness of the vowel （tense vs. lax or long vs. short） ; （4） lip-rounding （3）
（rounded vs. unrounded） . For example, [i:]: high, front, tense, unrounded vowel.
[u]: high, back, lax, rounded vowel.
9． Cite an example to explain synchronic linguistics.
Synchronic Linguistics is the description of a language at some point of time in history. It 【答案】
focuses on the characteristics of the language at a certain time. For example, when we study English, we learn about the vocabulary, the language points and oral English etc. At this time, we are learning English of current time in synchronic method.
三、Essay-question
10．When a teacher says “It ’s so hot in here.” during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.
【答案】 This utterance would be semantically ambiguous if it was seen isolated without any context of situation. Its interpretation has to rely on the context in which it was uttered.
There could be generally two types of situation in which this utterance could happen. One may be that it is summer; the teacher just came into the class and was sweating heavily. The other may be that in class the students are quite active towards the questions or problems the teacher has posed, for example, discussing in group, or debating in a large scale.
According to the cooperative principle, in our conversation, in order to be cooperative, that is, to make his intentions to be known by the hearer , the speaker will try to make his conversational contribution such as is require, at the stage at which it occurs.
Therefore , according to the third maxim of cooperative principle , RELATION , which says “be relevant”，the utterance could be interpreted differently as follows:
In the first situation, when the students hear the teacher saying “it’s so hot in here”，they would probably assume that the teacher is obeying the Cooperative Principle, and what he says is relevant to the context, which is that the teacher is sweating, and maybe accompanied by fanning himself with his hand. Therefore, what the teacher means is probably that the temperature is high. What5s more, if the windows in the classroom are closed, this utterance will go further to be an implication of an request for opening the windows.
In the second situation , the students would assume that the teacher should have observed the maxim of relation, since it is under normal circumstances. Given the context in which the students are discussing or debating about certain questions furiously, the hearer would tend to interpret the teacher’s utterance as: “You are discussing （or debating） so actively.’’，which implies a praise for the active participation of the students in class activity.
11．Chomsky sets up three different targets to aim at : observational adequacy , descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy. Define and discuss them.
【答案】 According to Chomsky , observational adequacy requires a grammar to be able to produce correct explanations for raw linguistic data ; that is , it should be able to capture speakers intuitions about grammaticality.
On the second level , that is , on the level of descriptive adequacy , a grammar should not only produce correct explanations for raw linguistic data , but also produce correct explanations for the linguistic competence of the speaker and hearer; that is, it should reflect speakers5 competence.
On the third , and the highest , level , i.e. explanatory adequacy , a grammar that is sufficiently described should reveal linguistic competence and then relate it with universal grammars in order to be related to the initial state of the human mind for the purpose of revealing human cognitive systems; that is , it should account for the leamability of language.
In Chomsky’s point of view , it is far from adequate for a grammar to merely distinguish those strings of words which are sentences of the language from those which are not sentences of the language in question. Neither is it for a gramm ar to assign structures to sentences that match native speaker’s intuition about structure and meaning. However , this is where the Structuralistic approach stops. Therefore , Chomsky argues for a generative grammar since it is able to explain how the facts are the way they are and how they arise in the mind of the speaker and hears. And it is after successful descriptions of many languages and subsequent generalizations of universal features of human language that it is possible to explore the initial state of the human mind that contains universal grammars.