2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题
● 摘要
目录
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（一） .... 2
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（二） .... 6
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（三） .. 10
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（四） .. 14
2018年中国海洋大学外国语学院880综合英语I 之语言学教程考研强化五套模拟题（五） .. 18
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． phoneme
Phoneme is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic 【答案】
features which can distinguish meaning. For example, in English, is described as a phoneme.
2． 1-narrator
【答案】 The person who tells the story may also be a character in the fictional world of the story, relating the story after the event. In this ease the critics call the narrator a FIRST-PERSON NARRATOR or I- NARRATOR because when the narrator refers to himself or herself in the story the first person pronoun I is used. First-person narrators are often said to be “limited” because they don‟t know all the faces or “unreliable” because they trick the reader by withholding information or telling untruths. This often happens in murder and mystery stories.
3． Pidgins and Creoles
【答案】 A pidgin refers to a variety of a language that is not native language of anyone, but is learned on contact situations such as trading. When a pidgin develops beyond its role as a trade language and becomes the first language of a social community , it becomes a creole. The process by which a pidgin becomes a creole is called creolization.
4． Concatenation
【答案】 What makes a word separate from other words is that all the letters are lined up together with no intervening spaces. That is, in a word, all letters are concatenated. Sometimes new words can be made by concatenating two existing words—for example, “airline” is a concatenation of the words “air” and “line” into a new word.
5． Componential analysis
【答案】 It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components , or semantic features. For example , the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.
二、Short-answer-questions
6． In English, the phonemeis pronounced differently in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?
【答案】 In English , there is a rule that a is unaspirated
after but aspirated in other places. So in pat , tap
is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is
after To bring out the phonetic difference , an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h” after the symbol of the sound. So a
phonetic transcription for peak isand that for speak isSo are two different phones and are variants of the phonemeSuch variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context :
occurs after
while occurs in other places. We can present this rule as:
elsewhere
（note :
is the position in whichappears. ）
In addition, sometimes a phoneme may also have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.
7． What are the major concerns of the Prague School theory?
【答案】 Three points of the Prague School theory are of special importance.
First , it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation.
Second , there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language.
Third , language was looked on as functional in another sense. Based on these ideas, the Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and made great contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Its most important contribution is that it sees language in terms of function.
8． What is register? Use an example to illustrate your idea.
【答案】 There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which variety from the linguistic repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. The type of language that is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. The register is determined by three social variables : field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, an appropriate language to an academic lecture in a college should be formal and polite, which is called register.
9． Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?
【答案】 Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements——for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.
If language had no such design feature , then it would be like animal communicational system which consists of only a number of basic sounds and this would be highly limited. Then we would not be able to produce a very large number of sound combinations （e.g. words ） , which are distinct in meaning. In other words, the number of messages one can send would be restricted to the number of basic sounds.
三、Essay-question
10．Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions （1） to （3） . The boy saw the man with the telescope.
（1）Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.
（2）Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.
（3）What can be known about tree diagrams from （1） and （2） ?
Yes , this is an ambiguous sentence. This is a structurally ambiguous sentence, which 【答案】（1）
can be rewritten in two ways as follows:
a.The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.
b.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.
Since the sentence is an ambiguous one, which has two ways of interpretation, there are two （2）
ways of drawing constituent structure trees for it.
（3） Tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis. In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently , can truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.
11．Research has found that two-year-old English children produce negative sentences such as a） tod ） , but note）:
a ）He doesn‟t like cabbage.
b ）Doesn‟t like cabbage.
c ）Him no like cabbage.
d ）No like cabbage.
e ）*Him doesn‟t like cabbage.