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一、True-or-false

1． Three types of knowledge are needed so that MT systems can be improved: semantics, pragmatics and common sense.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】需要三种知识来改进机器翻译系统：①不依赖语境的语言学知识，即语义学；②依赖语

境的语言学 知识，有时称为语用知识，即语用学；③常识/真实世界的知识，即非语言学知识。

2． Auditory phonetics studies how sounds are perceived by the speaker.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】它是研究声音怎样被听者接收的。

3． According to the innateness hypothesis, infants are bom able to speak a language.

【答案】F

【解析】乔姆斯基的天赋假设是说，儿童与生倶来拥有一种语言学习的能力，叫做“语言习得机制”。

即儿童 天生拥有语法关系及语法范畴的知识，而不是说孩子天生就会说话。

4． All syllables contain three parts: onset, nucleus and coda.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】所有音节必须有结核，但不是所有的音节都有节首和节尾。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

5． Idiolect

【答案】 Just as every speech community has a dialect, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called “idiolect”

6． Speech and thought presentation

【答案】 Speech and thought presentation: These two terms are used for the language in fiction, referring to the presenting forms for indicating the narrator’s speech or thought. The speech presentation may have the following four possibilities : direct speech , indirect speech , narrator’s representation of speech acts, and narrator’s representation of speech. The Thought presentation can also be categorized

into : narrator’s representation of thought , narrator’s representation of thought acts , indirect thought , free indirect thought, and direct thought.

7． Register

【答案】 It is a speech variety used by a particular group of people , usually sharing the same occupation （e.g. doctors, lawyers） or the same interests. A particular register often distinguishes itself from others by having a number of distinctive words, by using words or phrases in a particular way, and sometimes by special grammatical constructions （e.g. legal language）.

8． The London School of Linguistics

【答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth.

9． Applied linguistics

【答案】 It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example , there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.

一、True-or-false

1． The initial sound of “peak ” is aspirated while the second sound of “speak ” is unaspirated. They are in free variation.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】“peak”和“speak”中的发音不同的“p”是同一个音位的音位变体，而不是自由对立体。

2． American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.

【答案】F

【解析】美国结构主义是共时语言学的一个分支，独立地诞生于二十世纪初的美国. 它并不是历时

语言学的分支。

3． Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】词组是指一组具有一定词性的词的组合扩展，且此过程并不改变词原来的词性。

4． Broad Transcription is intended to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】当我们用一套简单的符号记音，试图把一个词与其他的词区别开时，我们称之为宽式转

写，宽式转写不包括一些细小变化。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

5． Lexical relations

【答案】 There are several types of lexical relations concerning the sense of the words. Those are synonymy , antonymy, hyponymy, polysemy, homonymy, and so on. （a ） Synonymy refers to the sameness relation ; “autum”, and “full ” a re synonyms , for example , （b ） Antonymy refers to the oppositeness relation ; for example , “buy” and “sell ” are antonyms , （c ） Hyponymy refers to the inclusiveness relation; for example, “apple” is a hyponym of “fruit”, （d ） Polysemy means one word that has more than one related meaning ，and “bank”，as an example , is a polysemous word. （e ）