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一、True-or-false

1． The initial consonants are identical in alliteration.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】在压头韵里，句首的辅音是一致的。

2． Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is mere important for us.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】任意性使得语言具有创新性。

3． Sociolinguists are interested in “terms of address" because they offer some socio-cultural information about the type of relationship between the speaker and the hearer.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】“称谓”中包含社会文化意义。

4． Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】历史语言学相当于历时研究。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

5． Paradigmatic relations

【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent.

6． IPA

【答案】 IPA is the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet , which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888. IPA is a set of symbols which can be used to represent the phones and phonemes of natural languages.

7． Stem

A stem is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be 【答案】

added. For example, “friend-” in friends, and “friendship-” in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem can be equivalent to a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contain a root and a derivational affix.

8． division of pragmatic labor

【答案】 Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide and suggests the resolution comes from a division of pragmatic labor，which reads “The use of a marked （relatively complex and/or prolix） expression when a corresponding unmarked （simpler ，less “effortful”）alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message （one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed） .

9． Functional Sentence Perspective （FSP ）

【答案】 It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to art analysis of utterances （or texts） in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that the role of each utterance part is evaluated for its semantic contribution to the whole.

一、True-or-false

1． MT may commit those errors that no human translators would commit, such as wrong pronouns , wrong prepositions, garbled syntax, incorrect choice of terms, plurals instead of singulars. （ ）

【答案】T

【解析】人们仍然能发现，有些错误是人工翻译不会出现的。例如，代词误用、介词误用、句法

混乱、措辞不 当、单数用成复数、时态错误等。

2． The word of “impossibility ” contains four morphemes.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】包括三个语素：“im-”“possibl-”

3． Auditory phonetics studies how sounds are perceived by the speaker.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】它是研究声音怎样被听者接收的。

4． Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. （ ）

【答案】T

【解析】依据类推构词的原理，人们往往更容易记住规则的变化形式，所以那些比较例外的不规

则的形式就 会被人遗忘。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

5． Cognition

【答案】 Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states （such as beliefs, desires and intentions ） and can be understood as information processing , especially when much abstraction or concretization is involved , or processes such as involving knowledge , expertise or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental process or faculty of knowing , including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.