2018年河北师范大学外国语学院907专业综合[专业硕士]之语言学教程考研核心题库
● 摘要
目录
2018年河北师范大学外国语学院907专业综合[专业硕士]之语言学教程考研核心题库（一） . 2 2018年河北师范大学外国语学院907专业综合[专业硕士]之语言学教程考研核心题库（二）10 2018年河北师范大学外国语学院907专业综合[专业硕士]之语言学教程考研核心题库（三）20 2018年河北师范大学外国语学院907专业综合[专业硕士]之语言学教程考研核心题库（四）31 2018年河北师范大学外国语学院907专业综合[专业硕士]之语言学教程考研核心题库（五）40
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Back-formation
【答案】 Back formation refers to an abnormal type of word formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example , the word “television” appeared before “televise”，and so does “editor” to “edit”.
2． Paradigmatic relations
【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent.
3． Coarticulation
Coarticulation refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their 【答案】
neighbors. For example , as in lamb , when a is followed by m , the velum will begin to lower itself during the articulation of a so that it is ready for the following nasal. When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process coarticulation. If the sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as anticipatory coarticulation. If the sound displays the influence of the preceding sound, it is preservative coarticulation.
4． Displacement
Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, 【答案】
what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example , we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.
5． Innateness hypothesis
【答案】 The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky , who states that language are somewhat innate and that children are bom with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.
6． Applied linguistics
【答案】 It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example , there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.
7． Transformational-Generative grammar
【答案】 Transformational-generative grammar is proposed by Noam Chomsky. He postulated a syntactic base of language （called deep structure ） , which consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules, i.e., a series of （possibly universal） rules that generates the underlying phrase-structure of a sentence. The end result of a transformational-generative grammar is a surface structure that is identical to an actual sentence of a language , after the mediating of a series of rules （called transformations ） that act upon the deep structures.
8． Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
【答案】 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts : linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around , they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine peopled thinking and behavior ; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far , many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.
9． Morpheme
【答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning , whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example , in boys , there are two morphemes : “boy” and “-s”； in international, there are three morphemes: “inter-” “nation” and “-al”.
10．Ferdinand de Saussure
【答案】 Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist who is often described as “father of modem linguistics”. The great work , Course in General Linguistics , which was based on his lecture notes , marked the beginning of modem linguistics. Saussure^ idea on the arbitrary nature of sign , one the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．In English, the phonemeis pronounced differently in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?
【答案】 In English , there is a rule that a is unaspirated
after but aspirated in other places. So in pat , tap
is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is
after To bring out the phonetic difference , an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h” after the symbol of the sound. So a
phonetic transcription for peak isand that for speak isSo are two different phones and are variants of the phonemeSuch variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context :
occurs after
while occurs in other places. We can present this rule as:
elsewhere
（note :
is the position in whichappears. ）
In addition, sometimes a phoneme may also have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.
12．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the actions performed by the speakers?
Carol : Are you coming to the party tonight?
Lara : I've got an exam tomorrow.
【答案】 In this short exchange, obviously Lara breaks the maxim of relation of CP by talking about something totally irrelevant with CaroFs question. However , we can understand her meaning perfectly. Lara is conveying an indirect meaning by giving out an utterance containing a conversational implicative. Her aim is to refuse Carol‟s invitation in a polite and less harsh manner.
13．What is the cognitive interpretation of image schema?
【答案】 Image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
Image schema exists at a level of abstraction, operates at a level of mental organization between propositional structures and concrete image , and it can be subdivided into the following items : a center-periphery schema , a continent schema ，a cycle schema ，a force schema ，a link schema ，a part-whole schema，a path schema，a scale schema and a vertical schema.
14．What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?
【答案】 When the vocal cords are spread apart , the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless, consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way; but when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through , creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.
15．Language can change through blending, metanalysis and borrowing. Give two English words to illustrate each of them.
【答案】 1） blending : smog, brunch
2）metanalysis : an apron （which was originally “a napron”）； an adder （which was originally “a nadder”）
3）borrowing : tea, encore
16．What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?
【答案】 Morphophoneme refers to the phoneme （or string of phonemes ） that constitutes the various allomorphs of a morpheme.
Relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme : Generally speaking , the concept of