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一、Fill-in-the-blanks

1． ______，bom in 1928, is all American linguist , educator , and political activist. He is the founder of transformational-generative grammar, a system that revolutionized modem linguistics.

【答案】Norman Chomsky

【解析】乔姆斯基，生于1928年，是美国著名的语言学家，教育家。他是转换生成语法的创始人。

2． A speech_____is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.

【答案】community

【解析】语言社区指的是说同一种语言或语言变体的一群人

3． Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _____ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.

【答案】Transformational

【解析】句法移位是一种转换规则，指一个句子的任意成分从原来的位置移到另一个新位置。它可能会引起句 子句法的变化。

4． Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the _____function of language.

【答案】metalingual

【解析】语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。

5． The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between ______and phonology.

【答案】phonetics

【解析】布拉格学派主要的贡献是对音系学的研宄和对音系学与语音学的区分。

6． Stress refers to the degree of_____ used in producing a syllable.

【答案】force

【解析】重音指在音节发音时所用的力度。

7． One of the important distinctions in linguistics is_____ and performance.

【答案】Competence

【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关

于语言规则知识的实际使用。

二、Short-answer-questions

8． Language can change through blending, metanalysis and borrowing. Give two English words to illustrate each of them.

【答案】 1） blending : smog, brunch

2）metanalysis : an apron （which was originally “a napron”）； an adder （which was originally “a nadder”）

3）borrowing : tea, encore

9． For the following words, state the conditions under which the different forms of the past tense appear. What determines

whether

or is used? What distinctive features define conditioning environment?

【答案】

10．What is the difference between mistakes and errors?

【答案】 Errors are defined as unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner and suggest failure in competence, while mistakes as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible suggest failure in performance.

11．In English, the phonemeis pronounced differently in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?

【答案】 In English , there is a rule that a is unaspirated

after but aspirated in other places. So in pat , tap

is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is

after To bring out the phonetic difference , an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h” after the symbol of the sound. So a

phonetic transcription for peak isand that for speak isSo are two different phones and are variants of the phonemeSuch variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context :

occurs after

while occurs in other places. We can present this rule as:

elsewhere

（note :

is the position in whichappears. ）

In addition, sometimes a phoneme may also have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.

12．What are the three important points of the Prague School?

【答案】 The Prague School has three points of special importance , First , it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasised the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analysed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third , it looked on language as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.

三、Essay-question

13．How many types of data analysis have been employed in language acquisition research? How are these types of data analysis significant in SLA research?

【答案】 Four types of data analysis have been employed. They are contrastive analysis ，error analysis , performance analysis, and discourse analysis.

Contrastive analysis （CA ） systematically compares native languages and target languages to find the interference of native language when acquiring target languages. It has a close relationship with behaviourism. Although contrastive analysis was faced with a downfall as behaviorism was challenged, as a methodological option it was not abandoned.

Error analysis （EA ） studies and analyzes the errors made by L2 learners and suggests that many learner e rrors are not due to the learner’s mother tongue interference but reflect universal learning strategies such as overgeneralization and simplification of rules. Error analysis also fell into disfavor for

（1） its narrowness——focusing on errors only and having difficulty in identifying the unitary source of an error, and （2） its failure to account for all the areas of the SL in which learners have difficulty. Nevertheless error analysis was not doomed to death rather incorporated into performance analysis.

Performance analysis （PA ） is an analysis of the learners5 interlanguage performance. It is superior to error analysis in that it is not limited to analyzing the errors learners commit. Also like its predecessors , however, performance analysis was found to be too limiting; it did not take the input to the learner into consideration. And this limitation led to the emergence of discourse analysis.

Discourse analysis （DA ） recognizes the need to examine not only the leamer?s performance but also the input to the learner. Another quality of discourse analysis applied to SLA is that researchers are concerned not only with how IL forms evolve , but how learners learn how to use the forms appropriately for a particular discourse function as well.

14．Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions （1） to （3） . The boy saw the man with the telescope.

（1）Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.

（2）Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.

（3）What can be known about tree diagrams from （1） and （2） ?

Yes , this is an ambiguous sentence. This is a structurally ambiguous sentence, which 【答案】（1）

can be rewritten in two ways as follows:

a.The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.

b.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.

Since the sentence is an ambiguous one, which has two ways of interpretation, there are two （2）

ways of drawing constituent structure trees for it.