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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． subordination

【答案】 Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. In the phrase swimming in the lake , swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head.

2． Semantic field

【答案】 It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. For example, kinship terms such as father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt belong to a semantic field whose relevant features include generation , sex , membership of the father's or mother's side of the family.

3． division of pragmatic labor

【答案】 Horn observes that the Q-based and R-based principles often directly collide and suggests the resolution comes from a division of pragmatic labor，which reads “The use of a marked （relatively complex and/or prolix） expression when a corresponding unmarked （simpler ，less “effortful”）alternate expression is available tends to be interpreted as conveying a marked message （one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed） .

4． Surface structure

【答案】 It is a term used in generative grammar to refer to the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear. For instance, “John is easy to please.” and “John is eager to please.” are two sentences with the same surface structure.

5． Gradable antonym

【答案】 Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． _____is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.

【答案】Interlanguage

【解析】当学习者学习一种新语言时，就产生了中介语。中介语具有第一语言和第二语言的特征，但中介语是 一个动态的语言系统，我们不能把中介语看成是母语和二语的过渡阶段或者是二者的简单混合。

7． A_____foot contains two syllables. A stressed syllable comes first, following by an unstressed syllable.

【答案】trochee

【解析】抑抑格音步即重轻格或长短格，其由一重读音节后跟一个轻读音节构成。

8． The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist______in the beginning of the twentieth century.

【答案】Saussure

【解析】对语言的结构性分析方法是在20世纪初，由瑞士语言学家索绪尔开启的，他被称为“现代语言学之 父”和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。

9． There has been a maxim in_____which claims that “You are what you say”.

【答案】quantity

【解析】格莱斯的数量准则指1. 使你的话语如（交谈的当前目的）所要求的那样信息充分；

2. 不要使你的话 语比要求的信息更充分。即说你该说的。

10．As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together , the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones_____.

【答案】function words

【解析】词可分为词汇词和语法词。具有词汇意义的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。表达语 法意义的词是语法词，例如连词、介词和代词。

11．_____is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.

【答案】Situational language teaching

【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

三、Short-answer-questions

12．What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?

Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of 【答案】

all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. For example the sense of the

word “dog” is “a domesticated canine mammal , occurring in many breeds that show a great domesticated canine mammal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form”. It does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition.

Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real , physical world ; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic unit and the non-linguistic world of experience. If we say “The dog is barking”，we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation. The word ^dog^ refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word “dog” in this particular situation.

It is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.

13．How does modem language define “object ”？ Provide an example.

【答案】 In modem language, object is defined as such an item that it can become a subject in passive transformation. For example, in sentence tcThe lion chased the tourist,, ? “the tourisf” acts as the object. In the passive voiced sentence “The tourist was chased by the lion”，“the tourist” acts as the subject of the sentence.

14．cinched 18. played 19. hated 20. branded

is found

after

【答案

】appears after these sounds

:

afteri The general factor to determine

whether , or

distinctive feature of voicing. Therefore, occurs after a voiceless sound, except

voiced sound, except

and occurs after either the consonantor

15．How is language related to society? and occurs

is used is the occurs after a

【答案】 （1） While language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”，“How is your family?' “Nice day today, isn‟t it?”

（2）Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. And language , in its turn , reveals information about its speaker.

（3）Language , especially the structure of its lexicon , reflects both the physical and social environment of a society. For example, while there is only one word in English for usnow, 9, there are several in Eskimo. This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.

16．What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discoursed contribution to language acquisition?

【答案】 Input hypothesis proposed by Krashen, holds that language acquisition takes place when a learner understands input that contains grammatical forms that are at “i + 1”（i. e. are a little more advanced than the current state of the

learner‟s interlanguage） . In other words, language acquisition depends on comprehensible input. Interaction hypothesis by Michael Long, also emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input but claims that it is most effective when it is modified through the negotiation of meaning.