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一、Fill-in-the-blanks

1． Terms like “desk ” and “stool ” are_____ of the term “furniture ”.

【答案】（co-） hyponyms

【解析】在上下义关系中，一个坐标词通常有很多下义词。同类中的成员叫做同下义词。题中“桌子”和“凳 子”都是“家具”的下义词。

2． Hymes5 theory leads to nation/function-based syllables, and a step further, _____syllabuses.

【答案】communicative

【解析】海姆斯提出的交际教学大纲以功能一意念大纲为基础，它教授表达和理解不同语言功能时所需要的语 言，并且强调交际的过程。

3． _____is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.

【答案】Interlanguage

【解析】当学习者学习一种新语言时，就产生了中介语。中介语具有第一语言和第二语言的特征，但中介语是 一个动态的语言系统，我们不能把中介语看成是母语和二语的过渡阶段或者是二者的简单混合。

4． _____are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert , impede , or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.

【答案】Consonants

【解析】发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。

5． Taboo and_____are two faces of the same communication coin.

【答案】euphemism

【解析】禁忌语是由于宗教、政治或性别原因而避免使用的词汇，通常被委婉语所代替。委

婉语是用一词代替 比较唐突的令人不快的另一词的表达方法。他们是同一交流过程的两个方面。

6． The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are_____.

【答案】Allophones

【解析】同一个音位在不同语音环境中的实现方式被称为该音位的音位变体。因为变体是互补分布的，而且发音相似。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

7． subordination

【答案】 Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the Head. Consequently, they can be called modifiers. In the phrase swimming in the lake , swimming is the head and in the lake are the words modifying the head.

8． Gradable antonym

【答案】 Gradable antonym. Gradable antonyms are antonyms that are gradable because there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. For example, cold and warm constitute a pair of gradable antonyms.

9． Open-class words

【答案】 Open-class words refer to words whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited and with the emergence of new ideas , inventions , and so on ; new expressions are continually and constantly being added to the lexicon. For example , nouns , verbs , and adjectives all belong to this class.

10．Speech community

【答案】 Speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon , distinct social groups like high school students or hip-pop fans. In addition, online and other mediated communities, such as many internet forums, often constitute speech communities. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities.

11．The London School of Linguistics

【答案】 The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth.

三、Essay-question

12．Discuss the following sentences in terms of violation of maxims in the cooperative principle.

a.I think he was married and had a lioness at home.

b.A : What do you intend to do?

B : I have a terrible headache.

c.A : Where‟ve you been?

B : Out.

【答案】 In sentence a, the speaker has violated the first Quality maxim, which says c'do not say

what you believe to be false99. In the literal sense , no human being would marry a lioness , and therefore at this level, it is a false statement. However, the deliberate violation of the maxim will lead us to interpret it as a metaphor, meaning that his wife had a bad temper.

In sequence b, B has flouted the maxim of Relation, since he did not answer A5s question directly. However , assuming that B was co-operative, A was likely to derive the implicature that since B had a terrible headache, he would probably just lie in bed and do nothing.

In exchange c，a violation of the first Quantity maxim was recognized, which says “make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange”. B was supposed to provide the specific information of the place he had been to; however，he didn‟t. By such a violation，B probably implied that “I do not want to tell you where I have been”.

13．In informal speech , people often omit sentence subjects because they are commonly understood. What are the omitted subjects in the following two sentences? Why do people know that these are the correct subjects?

a.Hope you like everything here.

b.Just imagine what has just happened here.

【答案】 The omitted subject in sentence a is “I ” and the omitted subject in sentence b is usually “You”. This is a matter of sentence comprehension in language comprehension. Psycholinguists have proposed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to the grammatical constraints. The most popular principle is “Minimal attachment” which defines “structurally simpler”，and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension.

In this view , the sentence processor constructs a single analysis of a sentence and attempts to interpret it. The first analysis is the one that requires the fewest applications of grammatical rules to attach each incoming word into the structure being built; it is the automatic consequence of an effort to get some analysis constructed as soon as possible. In the first sentence, when “hope” as a verb is used to express the speaker‟s desire and expectation for something to happen, it conveys the will of the speaker. So , the subject of “hope” is usually the speaker her/himself and can be omitted when the two are talking to each other. When the speaker is making a statement and using “hope” to express other‟s will , the subject will not be omitted.

Therefore , according to “minimal attachment” principle , when the hearer interprets this sentence, they automatically interpret “I”—the speaker, as the subject of “hope”. Sentence b can be said to be an imperative sentence which is a sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or a command. This instruction or request is always aimed to the hearer or the reader, so the subject of an imperative is always “you”. When the hearer interpret this sentence , he/she will interpret the verb “imagine”, as a request or advice through which the speaker tries to make he/she involved in this action, so it is easier for he/she to consider “you” as the subject.

Context is another important factor for people to understand the subjects. The subjects will be more clear in particular context although they are omitted.

14．What is characteristic of TG grammar?

【答案】 Chomsky‟s TG grammar has the following features.

First , Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles.

Secondly , Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals.

Thirdly , Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker^ tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers say; they rely on their own intuition.