当前位置：问答库＞考研试题

一、Fill-in-the-blanks

1． A_____morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.

【答案】bound

【解析】粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。

2． Functional Sentence Perspective （FSP ） is a theory of linguistic analysis which describes how______is distributed in sentences.

【答案】information

【解析】功能句子观是一套语言学分析理论，它是指用信息论的原理来分析话语或文本。

3． The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist______in the beginning of the twentieth century.

【答案】Saussure

【解析】对语言的结构性分析方法是在20世纪初，由瑞士语言学家索绪尔开启的，他被称为“现代语言学之 父”和一位“使语言学走向现代的大师”。

4． In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching , _____has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.

【答案】word processing

【解析】计算机运用到第二语言教学中的第四个阶段，文字处理不再是为语言教学编写具体的程序，而是适应 语言教学，使学生用一种非永久性形式写作并能修改它们的作品。

5． The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called_____. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.

【答案】Stylistics

【解析】文体学作为语言学的分支，主要研宄文学文体中语言的特征，并试图建立一些规则，以解释个体和社 团在语言使用过程中的特殊选择。

6． ______is an approach that stresses the relationships of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C J. Fillmore.

【答案】Case Grammar

【解析】格语法是美国语言学家菲尔墨在60代中期提出来的，它是着重探讨句法结构与语义之间关系的一种 语法理论和语义学理论。

7． Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present （in time andspace） at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as_____.

【答案】Displacement

【解析】移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

二、Short-answer-questions

8． What are the major concerns of pragmatics?

【答案】 Pragmatics is the study of the language in use. It is mainly about how speakers use language appropriately and effectively in accordance with a given context. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker （or writer） and interpreted by a listener （or reader） . It has more to do with participants of communication and context in which communication takes place. Hence the study of speaker meaning, that of contextual meaning, of what is unsaid but communicated.

9． What is a syntactic category?

【答案】 A syntactic category is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics. The classification is based on similar structure and sameness of distribution （the structural relationships between these elements and other items in a larger grammatical structure） , and not on meaning. There are major and minor syntactic categories: major categories include all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V; while minor categories are categories that do not project to a phrasal level such as the Yes-No question markers. More specifically , a syntactic category also refers to the defining properties of these general units : the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender and case; and the categories of the verb, for example, include tense, aspect and voice, etc.

10．Cite an example to explain synchronic linguistics.

Synchronic Linguistics is the description of a language at some point of time in history. It 【答案】

focuses on the characteristics of the language at a certain time. For example, when we study English, we learn about the vocabulary, the language points and oral English etc. At this time, we are learning English of current time in synchronic method.

11．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?

【答案】 Saussure occupies such an important place in the history of linguistics that he is often described as ''father of modem linguistics”：

A. The book Course in General Linguistics （1916），which is the most important source of Saussure‟s ideas, marked the beginning of modem linguistics.

B.Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified.

C.By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear

the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

12．Language can change through blending, metanalysis and borrowing. Give two English words to illustrate each of them.

【答案】 1） blending : smog, brunch

2）metanalysis : an apron （which was originally “a napron”）； an adder （which was originally “a nadder”）

3）borrowing : tea, encore

三、Essay-question

13．Advantages and Disadvantages of Componential Analysis.

【答案】 The componential analysis is a way to analyze the lexical meaning , which treats the meaning of a word as a composite of some smaller semantic units , which are called semantic components , or semantic features.

One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. For example，the two words “man” and “woman” share the features of +HUMAN, + ADULT, and + ANIMATE, but differ in the features of MALE. Additionally , the sense relations could be better accounted for. Two words , or two expressions , which have the same semantic components, will be synonymous with each other; words which have a contrasting component are antonyms; and words which have all the semantic components of another are hyponyms of the latter.

The semantic components are also able to explain sense relations between sentences, for example, the contradictory relationship, and the entailing relationship.

However , as have been found, there are also difficulties in the approach to analyze the meaning of a word in terms of semantic components. First, many words are polysemous. They have more than one meaning ; consequently they will have different sets of semantic components. Second, some semantic components are seen as binary taxonomies. However , sometimes the distinction to differentiate two semantic components such as “ADULT” and “YOUNG”, is rather vague. Third, apart from the neatly organized parts of the vocabulary, there are words whose semantic components are difficult to ascertain. For example, the semantic components themselves, like HUMAN, ADULT, are not ordinary words of English ; they belong to a meta-language. To someone who does not know the meta-language , the semantic components explain nothing.

14．In what way are language and computer related , and how has their relationship affected language learning?

【答案】 With the development of the computer technology and internet system, more and more people touched upon the computer field. Computer has been used in the classroom for foreign language teaching and learning. CAI stands for computer-assisted instruction, which means the use of a computer in a teaching program. CAL stands for computer-assisted learning, which means the use of computer in both teaching and learning. Following CAI and CAL , CALL , acronym for Computer Assisted Language Learning, refers to the use of a computer in the teaching or learning of a second or foreign language. If CAI or CAL deals with teaching and learning in general, then CALL deals with language