2018年北京第二外国语学院英语学院811综合考试(英1)之语言学教程考研基础五套测试题
● 摘要
一、Multiple-Choice
1． Which of the following statements concerning modem linguistics is NOT correct?（ ）
A.It is mostly descriptive.
B.In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one.
C.It regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language.
D. It forces languages into a Latin-based framework.
【答案】D
【解析】现代语言学大多数是描述性的；共时性研究在现代语言学中更受关注；现代语言学把口头语看作是人 类语言的自然的或基本的媒介。现代语言学并不强迫语言进入一个以拉丁语为基础的框架，这是其与传统语言 学的区别之一。因此，本题的正确答案为D 。
2． Compound words consist ofmorphemes.（ ）
A.bound
B.free
C.both bound and free
【答案】B
【解析】合成词是由自由词素组合而成的。
3． In semantic studies, refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.（ ）
A.sense
B.synonym
C.homonym
D.reference
【答案】A
【解析】意义sense 和指称reference 是语义研究中经常遇到的两个术语。sense 指语言形式的内在意义，是语言形式所有特征的集合，是抽象的，而且与语境无关；reference 指语言形式在现实的物质世界中所指的事物，它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系。此题实际考查的是sense 和reference 之间的区别。因此，本题的正确答案为A 。
4． “Socrates is a man” is a case of（ ）.
A.two-place predicate
B.one-place predicate
C.two-place argument
D.one-place argument
【答案】B
【解析】这句话中，谓词是man , 论元是Socrates 。可见只有一个论元，所以是一元谓词。
5． According to the conversation maxim of （ ）suggested by Grice , one should speak truthfully.
A.quantity
B.quality
C.relevance
D.manner
【答案】B
【解析】格莱斯的合作原则有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。其中质量准则指设法使你 的话语真实。1. 不要讲明知是虚假的话；2. 不要说没证据的话。
6． is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.（ ）
A.Langue
B.Language
C.Linguistics
D.Speech
【答案】B
【解析】语言是一个用于人类交际的、具有任意性的语音符号系统。因此，本题的正确答案为B 。
二、Short-answer-questions
7． Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.
【答案】 As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.
To a linguist , all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communication functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.
A case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. While in England accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and considered more correct than without it.
8． What are the three important points of the Prague School?
【答案】 The Prague School has three points of special importance , First , it stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation. Second, it emphasised the systemic character of language, arguing that no element of any language can be satisfactorily analysed or evaluated if viewed in isolation. In other words, elements are held to be in functional contrast or opposition. Third , it looked on language as a tool performing a number of essential functions or tasks for the community using it.
9． What is register? Use an example to illustrate your idea.
【答案】 There are many social constraints that come into play in controlling which variety from the linguistic repertoire of a speaker is to be used on a particular occasion. The type of language that is
selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. The register is determined by three social variables : field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse. For example, an appropriate language to an academic lecture in a college should be formal and polite, which is called register.
10．What is a syntactic category?
【答案】 A syntactic category is a set of words and/or phrases in a language which share a significant number of common characteristics. The classification is based on similar structure and sameness of distribution （the structural relationships between these elements and other items in a larger grammatical structure） , and not on meaning. There are major and minor syntactic categories: major categories include all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V; while minor categories are categories that do not project to a phrasal level such as the Yes-No question markers. More specifically , a syntactic category also refers to the defining properties of these general units : the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender and case; and the categories of the verb, for example, include tense, aspect and voice, etc.