2018年西安交通大学外国语学院836英语语言文学综合之语言学教程考研核心题库
● 摘要
目录
2018年西安交通大学外国语学院836英语语言文学综合之语言学教程考研核心题库（一） ... 2 2018年西安交通大学外国语学院836英语语言文学综合之语言学教程考研核心题库（二） . 12 2018年西安交通大学外国语学院836英语语言文学综合之语言学教程考研核心题库（三） . 20 2018年西安交通大学外国语学院836英语语言文学综合之语言学教程考研核心题库（四） . 28 2018年西安交通大学外国语学院836英语语言文学综合之语言学教程考研核心题库（五） . 37
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Conceptualism
It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it 【答案】
refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
2． Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】
can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.
3． Bound morpheme
【答案】 Bound morphemes refer to those morphemes that can not occur alone and must appear with at least another morpheme. For example , in the word “careless”，“-less” is a bound morpheme since it could not occur by itself as a word.
4． Linguistic relativity
【答案】 This is one of two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. It states that similarity between languages is relative , the greater their structural differentiation is , the more diverse their conceptualization of the world is. For example, not every language has the same set of words for the colors ; in Spanish there is no word that corresponds to the English meaning of “blue”.
5． Entailment
【答案】 It refers to the relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other. If X is true, Y is necessarily true，and if X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, the sentence “He has been to France” entails “He has been to Europe”.
6． Conversational implicature
【答案】 Conversational implicature refers to a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. For example, the implicature of He is a tiger could probably be he has some characteristics of a tiger.
7． Metonymy
【答案】 Metonymy is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called
by its own name, but by 也e name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance , “Washington ”，as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym （an instance of metonymy） for the United States government.
8． Distinctive features of speech sounds
【答案】 The distinctive feature is a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example , “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.
9． Displacement
Language can be used to refer to what is present, what is absent, what happens at present, 【答案】
what happened in the past, what will happen in the future or what happens in a far-away place. This property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place. For example , we can talk about Sapir, who is already dead; we can even talk about next week, which is in the future.
10．Foregrounding
【答案】 This term is meant for what is unusual, attractive, unconventional, salient. In literature, foregrounding is often achieved through unconventional expressions which attract the readers9 attention. The main manifestations of foregrounding are deviation and parallelism.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?
（a ） The deceased‟s cremains were scattered over the hill.
（b ） He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers.
【答案】 The words “deceased” “upper” and “downer” have undergone a process of class shift. By shifting the word class one can change the meaning of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or conversion. In the sentences above, “deceased”，“upper” and “downer” are originally adjectives, meaning “dead”，“higher” and “lower” respectively; in the sentences above, however, they mean “dead people”，“a drug used as a stimulant.” and “a depressant or sedative drug”，which are nouns.
12．What is your opinion on “true synonymy is non-existent”？
【答案】 Generally speaking , synonyms are the words which have different forms but similar meaning. There are several types of synonyms: dialectal synonyms, such as lift/elevator, flat/apartment; synonyms of different styles , as shown in gentleman/guy; synonyms of different registers , such as salt/sodium chloride ; synonyms differing in affective meaning , such as attract/seduce; synonyms differing in collocation, such as beautiful/handsome, able/capable.
13．Eskimos have many different words for different types of snow, Aborigines for different types of sand, and in Arabic one must choose from a whole range of words which are subsumed under the Western category CAMEL. Can you explain these phenomena with your linguistic knowledge?
【答案】 These phenomena can be explained from the following perspectives:
（1）These phenomena show a relationship between language and society. Language changes from region to region , from one social group to another and from individual to individual. The living environment makes great impact on the changes of language. As Eskimo are always living in an environment of a snow world, they have made a good cognition to snow and classified it in different types. Human use language to describe the world they have cognized.
（2）These phenomena can be explained from the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that : our language helps mould our way of thinking and , consequently , different languages may probably express speaker‟s unique ways of understanding the world. So Eskimos^ different words for different types of snow reflect their different ways to understand snow.
14．thrived 10. breathed 11. turned 12. hissed
【答案】
15．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?
【答案】 Saussure occupies such an important place in the history of linguistics that he is often described as ''father of modem linguistics”：
A. The book Course in General Linguistics （1916），which is the most important source of Saussure‟s ideas, marked the beginning of modem linguistics.
B.Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of the signifier and the signified.
C.By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
16．What distinguishes prescriptive studies of language from descriptive studies of language?
【答案】 The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are. To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the roles to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness, which are in the scope of prescriptive linguistics.
三、Essay-question
17．MORPHEME is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme? Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole?
【答案】 As a matter of fact, morpheme is both a grammatical concept and a semantic one. for instance , we can recognize that English word-forms such as talks , talker , talked and talking must consist of one element talk , and a number of other elements such as -s , -er , -ed , -ing. All these elements are described as morphemes. The definition of morpheme is “the smallest unit of language in