14世纪以后，罗马教会的对手发生了变化，由德意志神圣罗马帝国转为（）。 中法兰克王国。 高卢王国。 法兰西王国。 东法兰克王国。
电容元件
智力因素和非智力因素组成学习过程中的（）。 意义结构。 心理结构。 知识结构。 认知结构。
Good Table Manners
Manners play an important part in making a favorable impression at the dinner table. Here are some general rules： Napkin （餐巾） use
The meal begins when the host unfolds his or her napkin. This is your signal to do the same， so place your napkin on your lap. Unfold it completely if it is a small napkin. Or in half， lengthwise （纵向地） ，if it is a large dinner napkin.
If you need to leave the table during the meal， place your napkin on your chair as a signal to your server that you will be returning. Once the meal is over， place your napkin neatly on the table to the right of your dinner plate. Do not refold it.
Use a napkin only for your mouth. Never use it for your nose， face or forehead. Use of utensils （餐具）
Start with the knife， fork or spoon furthest from your plate， and work your way in， using one utensil for each course. If soup is served， remember to spoon away from yourself. This helps stop the drips. Do not put the entire soup spoon in your mouth. Instead， fill a soup spoon about 75 per cent with soup， and sip（啜饮）it from the side noiselessly.
After finishing dinner， place the knife and fork parallel to one another across the plate with the knife blade facing inward toward the plate.
Using your fingers
Here's a list of finger foods： sandwiches， cookies， small fruits or berries with stems， French fries and potato chips， and hamburgers.
Chew（咀嚼）with your mouth closed and don't make noise； don't talk with your mouth full. Bread must be broken with your hands. It is never cut with a knife.
Don't pick something Out of your teeth. Instead， excuse yourself to the bathroom. If possible， try not to cough at the table. Do not put your elbows （肘） on the table. In France， it is essential to have both hands above the table at the same time. Do not put bones or anything else on the table. Things that are not eaten should be put on your plate.
Which utensil is used first？（） The knife。 The fork。 The spoon。 The one farthest from the plate。
下面就操作上应采取的措施简述如下：
儿童不小心将布娃娃掉在了地上，会抱起来拍着说“不哭，不哭”，这说明儿童正处于（）。
