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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Phonetics

Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】

can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.

2． Phatic function （ communion ）

【答案】 Phatic function: The phatic function of language refers to the use of the language which often consists of small , seemingly meaningless expression for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts rather than for exchanging information or ideas. For example , greetings , farewells , and comments on the weather in English could serve this function.

3． Assimilation

【答案】 It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. It is often used synonymously with coarticulation. Nasalization, dentalization and，velarization are all instances of assimilation. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation;

the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation. For example, in “mink”，“n”，which is originally pronounced aswill be velarized by the following “k”/k/，and therefore the word will be pronounced as

4． Government

【答案】 Government is another type of control over the forms of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions. It differs from concord in that this is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the forms of others in terms of certain category. In English, for example, the pronoun after a verb or a preposition should be in the object form as in She gave him a book. She gave a book to him. In other words , the verb , or the preposition , determines , or governs , the form of the pronoun after it.

5． Allomorph

【答案】 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． The sound /k/ can be described with 'Voiceless, _____, stop ”.

【答案】velar

【解析】/k/是清音，软腭音，爆破音。

7． The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the_____and the lips.

【答案】tongue

8． Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the _____function of language.

【答案】metalingual

【解析】语言的元语言功能是指语言可以用来讨论语言本身。

9． _____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.

【答案】Assimilation

【解析】同化指一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化、齿化、鄂化。

10．Chomsky initiated the distinction between_____ and performances.

【答案】Competence

【解析】乔姆斯基提出了语言能力和语言应用的根本区别。

11．In Halliday＇s Systemic Grammar, a system is a list of things between which it is possible to choose. So they are meanings , which the grammar can distinguish. The items in a system are called______.

【答案】options

【解析】系统就是存在于语法中的一系列选择。系统语法的目的是要说明语言作为系统的内部底层关系，它是 与意义相关联的可供人们不断选择的若干子系统组成的系统网络。

三、True-or-false

12．Universal Grammar refers to the principles and properties that pertain to the grammars of all human languages.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】普遍语法指符合所有人类语言特征的语法。

13．The last sound of''sif9 can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】这种情况下这两个音素就可被视为自由变体。

14．It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】语法的获得一方面是语言掌握能力的提升，另一方面是语言表达能力的提高，孩子在十

岁之前很难掌 握一些语法之间的细微差异。

15．Generative grammar is a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.

【答案】T

【解析】乔姆斯基用“生成语法”这一概念来指“一套用来给句子进行结构描写，定义明确严格的规

则系统”。