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一、Multiple-Choice

1． （ ）is a figurative use of language which implies a comparison between two unlike elements.

A.Simile

B.Metaphor

C.Metonymy

D.Synecdoche

【答案】B

【解析】暗喻是对两个并不相像的要素作出对比，这种对比是隐含的而不是直接表达的。

2． Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?（ ） A. B. C. D.

【答案】D

【解析】选项A 、B 、C 都是摩擦音，. 是近音。

3． Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is（ ） Analysis.

A.Internal Component

B.Innate Capacity

C.Internal Constituent

D.Immediate Constituent

【答案】D

【解析】直接成分这一术语，最先是由布龙菲尔德在《语言论》中提出的。直接成分分析法，即Immediate constituent analysis , 简称 IC Analysis。

4． Which of the following is NOT a branch of phonetics?（ ）

A.Articulatory phonetics.

B.Auditory phonetics.

C.Acoustic phonetics.

D.Articulate phonetics.

【答案】D

【解析】语音学的三个分支分别为发音语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学。其中发音语音学的历史最长，然而，声学语音学和听觉语音学中一些重要的事实已经被发现或证实了。因此，本题的正确答案为D 。

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

5． _____is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.

【答案】Situational language teaching

【解析】情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

6． The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called_____ .

【答案】co-hyponyms

【解析】同类中的成员叫做同下义词。

7． _____is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.

【答案】Grammar-translation Method

【解析】语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法.

8． _____is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix of a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb edit was formed from editor by dropping the supposed derivational suffix -or.

【答案】Back-formation

【解析】逆构词法

三、Short-answer-questions

9． Explain the characteristic of arbitrariness. What are the relationships between arbitrariness & onomatopoeic words and arbitrariness convention?

【答案】 Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. Onomatopoeic words are the words that sound like the sounds they describe. Only when people know the meaning can they infer that the linguistic sign is appropriate for the exact sound. Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation.

10．In English, the phonemeis pronounced differently in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?

【答案】 In English , there is a rule that a is unaspirated

after but aspirated in other places. So in pat , tap

is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is

after To bring out the phonetic difference , an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h” after the symbol of the sound. So a

phonetic transcription for peak isand that for speak isSo are two different phones and are variants of the phonemeSuch variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context :

occurs after

while occurs in other places. We can present this rule as:

elsewhere

（note :

is the position in whichappears. ）

In addition, sometimes a phoneme may also have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.

四、Synthesis

11．Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences （Hint : It may help to refer back to section 4.2.2）

（1）The instructor told the students to study.

（2）The customer requested for a cold beer.

（3）The pilot landed the jet.

（4）These dead trees must be removed.

（5）That glass suddenly broke.

【答案】（1） [NP （det.+n..） +V+NP （det.+n. ） +inf.]

（2）[NP （det.+n. ） +V+PP （prep.+det.+adj.+n.）]

（3）[NP （det.+n. ） +V+NP （det.+n.）]

（4）[NP （det.+adj.+n. ） +mv （modal verb） +be （auxiliary verb） +Past Participle] （5）[NP （det.+n. ） +adv.+V]

12．What is the definition of cognitive linguistics?

【答案】Cognitive linguistics is a newly established approach to the syudy of language that emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against the dominant generative paradigm which pursues an autonomous aiew of language .Cognitive linguistics is based on human experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.