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青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题 科目代码： 622 科目名称： 基础英语（2）（共 12 页） 请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效

Part I. Cloze (20 points)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You must choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.

Learning theorists emphasize the role of environmental influences in shaping the way a person develops. their view, child development is guided by both deliberate and learning experiences in the home, peer groups, school, and community. Therefore, childhood growth is significantly by the efforts of parents, teachers, and others to children in desirable ways. According to learning theories, the same that explain how people can use a bicycle or computer also explain how children acquire social skills, emotional self-control, reasoning strategies, and the skills of walking and running.

One kind of learning occurs when a child’s actions are by a reward or punishment. A reward, also called a reinforcer, increases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a young child may draw pictures because she receives praise from her parents after each one. A punishment decreases the probability that behavior will be repeated. For example, a child who touches a hot stove and burns his fingertips is not to touch the stove again.

kind of learning, classical conditioning, occurs when a person makes a association between two events. For example, babies begin sucking when they are put in a familiar nursing , children fear dogs whose barking has startled them in the past. A third kind of learning of imitating the behavior of others. A boy may acquire his father’s of 1