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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Duality

【答案】Duality refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated there are two levels of structure or patterning. At the first , higher level , language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units ; at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence （such as morphemes, words etc.）

of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. For example , a syllable is the smallest unit that is normally spoken by itself, and scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words that are called morphemes.

2． Contrastive analysis

【答案】 Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.

3． Textual function

【答案】 Textual function : The textual function is one of the three meta-functions language is composed of. It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences.

4． grammatical word

【答案】 It refers to those which mainly work for constructing group , phrase , clause , clause complex , or even text , such as , conjunctions , prepositions , articles , and pronouns. Grammatical words serve to link together different content parts. So they are also known as Function Words.

5． Diglossia

【答案】 When two languages or language varieties exist together in a community and each one is used for different purposes, this is called diglossia. Usually, the more standard variety can be called the high variety or H-variety , which is used in government , the media , education , and for religious services. The other one is usually a non-prestige variety, the low variety or L-variety used in the family, with friends, when shopping, etc.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics （utterances ） as_____ and_____. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community , and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.

【答案】langue ; parole

【解析】语言指一个语言集团的所有成员共享的抽象语言系统，言语是指语言在实际使用中的实现。

7． Language itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the _____ attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.

【答案】social

【解析】语言本身是不存在性别歧视的，但当语言被不同的人使用时，则会反映出社会中存在的性别歧视现象。

8． _____a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.

【答案】Corpus

【解析】语料库是一个语言数据的集合，可以由书面文本构成，也可以由录音言语的转写本构成。

9． _____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.

【答案】Assimilation

【解析】同化指一个音具有了邻近音的一部分或者全部特征的这一过程，包括鼻化、齿化、鄂化。

10．_____refers to the use of machine （usually computers） to translate texts from one natural language to another.

【答案】Machine translation

【解析】机器翻译是指使用机器将语篇从一个自然语言翻译至另一个自然语言。

11．In terms of the meaning expressed by words , they can be classified into_____words and_____words.

【答案】lexical ，grammatical

【解析】从词所表达的意义划分，词可分为词汇词和语法词。

三、True-or-false

12．“Tulip ”，“rose ” and “violet ” are all included in the notion of “flower ”. Therefore they are superordinates of “flower ”. （ ）

【答案】F

【解析】位于上下义这种意义关系上位的词语，即类名，叫做上坐标词；居于下位的是成员，叫

做下义词。这 里的上标词应该是“flower”。

13．Following Saussure^ distinction between langue and parole , Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.

【答案】F

【解析】Phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue.

14．[p] is voiced bilabial stop.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】[p]是双唇爆破音，没有摩擦。

15．Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices.（

【答案】F

【解析】指称是一种常用的衔接手段。

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