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一、True-or-false

1． Prescriptive linguistics is more popular than descriptive linguistics, because it can tell us how to speak correct language.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】描写式和规定式的语言学是分析语言的两种不同的方法，不能简单的说谁好谁坏之说。

2． “Tulip ”，“rose ” and “violet ” are all included in the notion of “flower ”. Therefore they are superordinates of “flower ”. （ ）

【答案】F

【解析】位于上下义这种意义关系上位的词语，即类名，叫做上坐标词；居于下位的是成员，叫

做下义词。这 里的上标词应该是“flower”。

3． The last sound of''sif9 can be articulated as an unreleased or released plosive. These different realizations of the same phoneme are not in complementary distribution.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】这种情况下这两个音素就可被视为自由变体。

4． Functional grammar is an approach to linguistics that goes in through meaning.

【答案】F

【解析】功能语法的基础是语言系统及其成分由它们所提供的作用和功能所决定，而非其意义。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

5． Homonymy

【答案】 In any language there are words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meaning. These words are called homonyms. For example, bank （of a river） , and bank （financial institution ）.

6． Broad and narrow transcription

【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription: In broad transcription, one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.

7． Minimal pairs

The two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs 【答案】

in the same place in the string. For example，the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.

8． Hyponymy

Hyponymy. It refers to the sense relationship between a more general, more inclusive and 【答案】

a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. For example , the hyponymy relationship could be establish ed between “animal” and “rabbit”.

9． Allomorph

【答案】 A morpheme may take various shapes or forms, and an allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, as in “cats” /s/, in “bags” /z/，in “matches” /iz/.

一、True-or-false

1． Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】词组是指一组具有一定词性的词的组合扩展，且此过程并不改变词原来的词性。

2． Generative grammar is a system of rules that in some explicit and well-defined way assigns structural descriptions to sentences.

【答案】T

【解析】乔姆斯基用“生成语法”这一概念来指“一套用来给句子进行结构描写，定义明确严格的规

则系统”。

3． When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function.（ ）

【答案】F

【解析】语言是用来陈述某件事情，提供信息或用作推理，信息功能是语言最重要的功能，一般

出现在陈述句中。

4． Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.（ ）

【答案】T

【解析】上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。

二、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

5． Stylistics

【答案】 Stylistics is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses （varieties ） of language , and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.

6． stream of consciousness writing

【答案】 The term was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology （1890） to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind. It was later