2018年曲阜师范大学外国语学院805英语语言文学基础之语言学教程考研核心题库
● 摘要
目录
2018年曲阜师范大学外国语学院805英语语言文学基础之语言学教程考研核心题库（一） ... 2 2018年曲阜师范大学外国语学院805英语语言文学基础之语言学教程考研核心题库（二） . 10 2018年曲阜师范大学外国语学院805英语语言文学基础之语言学教程考研核心题库（三） . 21 2018年曲阜师范大学外国语学院805英语语言文学基础之语言学教程考研核心题库（四） . 30 2018年曲阜师范大学外国语学院805英语语言文学基础之语言学教程考研核心题库（五） . 39
一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms
1． Phonetics
Phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It 【答案】
can be divided into three main areas of study articulatory phonetics , acoustic phonetics and perceptual/auditory phonetics.
2． Textual function
【答案】 Textual function : The textual function is one of the three meta-functions language is composed of. It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences.
3． Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
【答案】 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts : linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. Linguistic determinism refers to the notion that a language determines certain nonlinguistic cognitive processes. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing around , they think and speak differently. Linguistic relativity refers to the claim that the cognitive processes that are determined are different for different languages. Thus, speakers of different languages are said to think in different ways. The hypothesis is now interpreted mainly in two different ways: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that the language patterns determine peopled thinking and behavior ; the weak one holds that the former influence the later. So far , many researches and experiments conducted provide support to the weak version.
4． CMC
【答案】 It is computer-mediated communication , distinguished by its focus on language and language use in computer networked environments, and by its use of methods of discourse analysis to address that focus.
5． Paradigmatic relations
【答案】 Paradigmatic relation , Saussure originally called associative , is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure , or between one element present and the others absent.
6． Broad and narrow transcription
【答案】 Broad and narrow transcription: In broad transcription, one letter symbol is used for one sound. In narrow transcription , there are diacritics added to the one letter symbols to show the finer
differences between sounds.
7． Innateness hypothesis
【答案】 The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky , who states that language are somewhat innate and that children are bom with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.
8． basic level category
【答案】 Basic level category is the most economical level at which you can find the most relevant information. The information on our interactions with objects in the real world are stored at this level. It is at this level that we conjure up the general gestalt of the category.
9． Contrastive analysis
【答案】 Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis , it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.
10．figure-ground alignment
【答案】 Figure-ground alignment seems to apply to space with the ground as the prepositional object and the preposition expressing the spatial relational configuration. It also applies to human perception of moving objects. Since the moving object is typically the most prominent one, because it is moving , it is typically the figure, while the remaining stimuli constitute the ground.
二、Short-answer-questions
11．What are the differences between simile and metaphor?
【答案】 Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another, of explaining what one thing is like by showing how it is similar to another thing , and it explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. For example, the phrase as cold as ice is a common simile.
Although metaphor also makes a comparison between two unlike elements , this comparison is implied rather than stated. That is , it differs from simile in that the words such as like or as do not appear. For example, uThe life is a stage” is a metaphor.
12．Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic.
【答案】 As a social phenomenon, language is closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely social.
To a linguist , all language forms and accents are equally good as far as they can fulfill the communication functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.
A case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. While in England accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige and considered more correct than without it.
13．What are the major concerns of the Prague School theory?
【答案】 Three points of the Prague School theory are of special importance.
First , it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation.
Second , there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language.
Third , language was looked on as functional in another sense. Based on these ideas, the Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and made great contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Its most important contribution is that it sees language in terms of function.
14．How is the illocutionary act different from the perlocutionary act?
【答案】 An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker^ intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Thus, if someone says “Morning”，we can ask questions like “What did he mean?” and the answer could be “He offered a greeting.”
A perlocutionary act, however, is the effect of the utterance. By telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of the hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce him to do something, and so on. Therefore，the perlocutionary act of the saying “Morning” could be to keep friendly relations with the hearer.
15．What is the purpose of studying language and mind?
【答案】 The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language ; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to t he study of “language and mind” is psycholinguistics ，a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.
16．In English, the phonemeis pronounced differently in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?
【答案】 In English , there is a rule that a is unaspirated
after but aspirated in other places. So in pat , tap
is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is
after To bring out the phonetic difference , an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h” after the symbol of the sound. So a
phonetic transcription for peak isand that for speak isSo are two different phones and are variants of the phonemeSuch variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context :
occurs after
while occurs in other places. We can present this rule as:
elsewhere
（note :
is the position in whichappears. ）
In addition, sometimes a phoneme may also have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.
三、Essay-question