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一、Multiple-Choice

1． Which of the following is NOT the phrase structure rule?

A.XPrule.

B.X-Theory.

C.Coordination rule.

D.Subordination rule.

【答案】D

【解析】短语结构规则是构成短语的各成分问排列的特殊语法机制，包括A 项XP 规则，B 项X 标杆理论和C 项并列规则。D 项从属规则并不属于短语结构规则。因此，本题的正确答案为D 。

2． Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT（ ）

A.fricatives

B.lateral

C.affricates

D.bilabial

【答案】D

【解析】bilabial 是根据发音部位划分的。

3． What criterion is NOT used to classify the English vowels?（ ）

A.The Openness of the mouth.

B.The shape of the lip.

C.The length of the vowels.

D.The position of the teeth.

【答案】D

【解析】元音的分类标准是：舌在口腔中的位置、口腔张开的程度、嘴唇的形状（元音的发音长度）。牙齿的 位置并不是元音的分类标准。因此，本题的正确答案为D 。

4． “Accomplice ” and “collaborator ” are（ ） .

A.synonyms differing in style

B.synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning

C.gradable antonyms

D.complementary antonyms

【答案】B

【解析】accomplice （同谋）是在犯罪行为中帮助另一个人，而collaborator （合作者）是在做好事中帮助另 一个人，使用哪个词取决于你对所帮助的人所从事的活动的性质的评判。故这

两个词是意义相同，但表达的使 用者的情感不同，表现出使用者对其所谈及的事物的态度或偏见的词。因此，本题的正确答案为B 。

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

5． IC analysis emphasizes the _____ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.

【答案】Hierarchical

【解析】直接成分分析法是一种句法分析方法。它指先把句子分析为直接成分一一词组（或短语），再把这些 直接成分依次切分，得到各自的直接成分，层层切分，直到最终成分为止。

6． In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching , _____has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.

【答案】word processing

【解析】计算机运用到第二语言教学中的第四个阶段，文字处理不再是为语言教学编写具体的程序，而是适应 语言教学，使学生用一种非永久性形式写作并能修改它们的作品。

7． Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a______ , linguistic universal , and an evaluation procedure.

【答案】hypothesis-maker

【解析】乔姆斯基的语言习得机制由3个元素组成：对语言的假想，语言的普遍性和评价。

8． One of the important distinctions in linguistics is_____ and performance.

【答案】Competence

【解析】语言能力指理想的语言使用者关于语言规则的语言知识，语言应用指语言交际中关于语言规则知识的实际使用。

三、Short-answer-questions

9． How do you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations?

【答案】 In Saussure’s view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of two parts: signified and signifier. And the relationships between these two parts are arbitrary. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between elements that form part of the same form , sequence , construction , etc. e.g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts. The syntagmatic relation is also called horizontal relation or chain relation. Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure. The paradigmatic relation is also called vertical relation or choice relation.

10．What is the purpose of studying language and mind?

【答案】 The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language ; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since

structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of “language and mind” is psycholinguistics ，a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.

四、Synthesis

11．What is Contrastive Analysis?

【答案】 Contrastive Analysis a way of comparing languages （e. g., L1 and L2） in order to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what does not need to be learned in a second language learning situation. The goal of contrastive analysis is to predict what areas will be easy to learn and what areas will be difficult to learn. Contrastive Analysis was associated in its early days with behaviourism and structuralism.

12．What is the difference between Malinowski and Firth on context of situation?

【答案】 Malinowski distinguished three types of context of situation: situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity, narrative situations, and phatic situations. Firth defined the context of situation as including the entire cultural setting of speech and the personal history of the participants rather than as simply the context of human activity going on at the moment. Recognising that sentences can vary infinitely , Firth used the notion of “typical context of situation”， meaning that social situations determine the social roles participants are obliged to play; since the total number of typical contexts of situation they will encounter is finite, the total number of social roles is also finite. He put forward the idea that in analysing a typical context of situation, one has to take into consideration both the situational context and the linguistic context of a text.