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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Morpheme

【答案】 Morpheme is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content , a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning , whether it is lexical or grammatical. For example , in boys , there are two morphemes : “boy” and “-s”； in international, there are three morphemes: “inter-” “nation” and “-al”.

2． Ferdinand de Saussure

【答案】 Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist who is often described as “father of modem linguistics”. The great work , Course in General Linguistics , which was based on his lecture notes , marked the beginning of modem linguistics. Saussure^ idea on the arbitrary nature of sign , one the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

3． Applied linguistics

【答案】 It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example , there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.

4． functional morpheme

【答案】 This is a subtype of free morphemes, which one consists largely of the functional words in language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, for example, “and, about when on , near, the” an so on.

5． Stylistics

【答案】 Stylistics is a branch of linguistics studies the features of situationally distinctive uses （varieties ） of language , and tries to establish principles capable of accounting for the particular choices made by individual and social groups in their use of language.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． More qualifiers and intensifiers are used by_____.

【答案】women

【解析】语言使用的性别差异。

7． The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for , is known as the _____ theory.

【答案】Referential

【解析】把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称理论。

8． A speech_____is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.

【答案】community

【解析】语言社区指的是说同一种语言或语言变体的一群人

9． As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together , the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones_____.

【答案】function words

【解析】词可分为词汇词和语法词。具有词汇意义的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。表达语 法意义的词是语法词，例如连词、介词和代词。

10．The term_____was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his principle of Psychology （1890） to describe the free association of ides and impression in mind. It was later applied to the writing of William Faulkner, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.

【答案】stream of consciousness

【解析】意识流写作起初是由烕廉姆•詹姆斯用来描述思维中印象和观念的自由联系，这种方法的句子结构高 度省略。之后许多作家如威廉_福克纳，詹姆斯•乔伊斯，弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫也都在写作中有所用到。

11．A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something ; it is the_____of, or the_____the utterance.

【答案】consequence , change brought about by

【解析】言外行为指说话的效果。

三、Short-answer-questions

12．Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modem linguistics?

【答案】 Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of language. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form （signifier ） and an idea （signified ） , and it is the central fact of language.

By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear the object of study for linguistics as a science. His ideas on the arbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics , etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

13．In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language?

【答案】（1） The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language in that it is not related to any particular group of

language users, but it is the variety which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.

（2）The standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language ; usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation‟s poli tical and commercial center. For example , standard English developed out of the English dialects used in and around London as they were modified over the centuries by speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. Gradually, the English used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the English used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all those who wished to speak and write well.

（3）The standard dialect is not a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialect. It is a superimposed variety; imposed from above the range of regional dialects.

（4）The standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the official or national language of a country, the standard dialect is used for such official purpose as government documents, education , news reporting; it is the language used on any formal occasions.

14．What are the different views of input hypothesis and interaction hypothesis on discoursed contribution to language acquisition?

【答案】 Input hypothesis proposed by Krashen, holds that language acquisition takes place when a learner understands input that contains grammatical forms that are at “i + 1”（i. e. are a little more advanced than the current state of the

learner‟s interlanguage） . In other words, language acquisition depends on comprehensible input. Interaction hypothesis by Michael Long, also emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input but claims that it is most effective when it is modified through the negotiation of meaning.

15．How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?

Motorist : My car needs new exhaust system.

Mechanic : Fll be busy with this other car all day.

【答案】 In the motorist‟s utterance ，there are two types of speech acts performed , namely representative and directive，and as to the latter one, it is recognized as an indirect speech act, which is performed through the performance of the former one. Thus, by stating that his car needs new exhaust system , the motorist has in fact asked the mechanic to equip a new exhaust system for him.

Similarly ，in the mechanic‟s utterance , there are two types of speech acts performed ; one is representative , the other commissive. The commissive speech act in fact is an indirect one since it is recognized through the performance of representative action. That is to say, by stating that he will be busy with another car all day, the mechanic has in fact told the motorist that he could not repair his car right away.

16．What are theme and rheme?

【答案】 Some linguists, who devoted considerable attention to problems of analyzing sentences