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一、Explain-the-fllowing-terms

1． Subordinate construction

【答案】 Subordinate constructions are one of the two subtypes of endocentric constructions. Those in which there is only one head , with the head being dominant and the other constituents dependent , are subordinate constructions.

2． Ferdinand de Saussure

【答案】 Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist who is often described as “father of modem linguistics”. The great work , Course in General Linguistics , which was based on his lecture notes , marked the beginning of modem linguistics. Saussure^ idea on the arbitrary nature of sign , one the relational nature of linguistic units , on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.

3． MT

【答案】 It refers to machine translation, the use of machine （usually computers） to translate texts from one natural language to another

4． Compound

【答案】 Compound refers to those words that consist of more than one lexical morpheme, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form, such as the compound words “blackboard” and “well-known”.

5． Categorization

Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based 【答案】

on commonalities and differences. There are three levels in categories: the basic level，the superordinate level ，and the subordinate level.

二、Fill-in-the-blanks

6． Take is the_____of taking, taken and took.

【答案】lexeme

【解析】词位是语言词汇的基本单位，taking , taken和took 都是take 这个词位的词位变体。

7． In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the_____principle proposed by J. Grice.

【答案】Cooperative

【解析】通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的 产生。

8． Systemic-Functional Grammar , unlike traditional grammar which takes sentence as the largest unit, takes______as the basic unit.

【答案】clause

【解析】与传统语法不同，系统功能语法把句子作为最大单位，把分句作为最小单位。

9． The term_____was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his principle of Psychology （1890） to describe the free association of ides and impression in mind. It was later applied to the writing of William Faulkner, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.

【答案】stream of consciousness

【解析】意识流写作起初是由烕廉姆•詹姆斯用来描述思维中印象和观念的自由联系，这种方法的句子结构高 度省略。之后许多作家如威廉_福克纳，詹姆斯•乔伊斯，弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫也都在写作中有所用到。

10．According to_____, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.

【答案】The maximal onset principle

【解析】当一个辅音既可放在节首也可放在节尾时，根据最大节首原则应将其放在节首。

11．_____mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description , classification and transcription.

【答案】Phonetics

【解析】语音学研究语音，以及语音的描写和分类。

三、Short-answer-questions

12．In English, the phonemeis pronounced differently in pat, spat, and tap, can you form a rule that can generalize this linguistic phenomenon?

【答案】 In English , there is a rule that a is unaspirated

after but aspirated in other places. So in pat , tap

is aspirated but unaspirated in spat since it is

after To bring out the phonetic difference , an aspirated sound is transcribed with a raised “h” after the s ymbol of the sound. So a

phonetic transcription for peak isand that for speak isSo are two different phones and are variants of the phonemeSuch variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. The allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context :

occurs after

while occurs in other places. We can present this rule as:

elsewhere

（note :

is the position in whichappears. ）

In addition, sometimes a phoneme may also have free variants. The final consonant of tap may not

be released by some speakers so there is no audible sound at the end of this word. Such phenomenon is called free variation.

13．Identify the type of trope employed in the following examples.

1）The boy was as cunning as a fox.

2）…the innocent sleep the death of each day’s life, …（Shakespeare ）

3）Buckingham Palace has already been told the train may be axed when the rail network has been privatised. （Daily Mirror, 2 February 1993）

4）Ted Dexter confessed last night that England are in a right old spin as to how they can beat India this winter. （Daily Mirror, 2 February 1993）

【答案】 1） simile 2 ） metaphor 3 ） metonymy 4 ） synecdoche

14．What is indirect language use? How is it explained in the light of the speech act theory?

【答案】 When a speaker is using indirect language , he is performing two speech acts simultaneously : one is the primary speech act and the other is the second speech act. The primary one is the speaker's goal of communication and the second one is the means by which he achieves his goal.

15．What are the major concerns of the Prague School theory?

【答案】 Three points of the Prague School theory are of special importance.

First , it was stressed that the synchronic study of language is fully justified as it can draw on complete and controllable material for investigation.

Second , there was an emphasis on the systemic character of language.

Third , language was looked on as functional in another sense. Based on these ideas, the Prague School practiced a special style of synchronic linguistics, and made great contribution to phonology and the distinction between phonetics and phonology. Its most important contribution is that it sees language in terms of function.